a, e4:	 n., water; watercourse, canal; seminal fluid; offspring; faher; tears; flood. [A archaic frequency:	 519]
interj., alas!.
prep., locative suffix - where; in; when - denotes movement towards or in favor of a person.
def. article, nominalizing suffix for a noun or noun clause, denoting 'he'.
á:	 (cf., áhi).
a
5:	 (cf., aka).
e:	 (cf., ég).
é:	 house, household; temple; plot of land [E2 archaic frequency:	 649; concatenates 4 signs].
è:	 (cf., éd).4
e11:	 (cf., èd).
i:	 n., cry of pain (derived from ér, ír, 'tears; complaint' ?) [I archaic frequency:	 17].
v., to capture, defeat, overcome (cf., éd, è; i)
ì:	 (cf., ìa).
i
7:	 (cf., ída).
u:	 (cf., hà).
ú:	 n., plant; vegetable; grass; food; bread; pasture; load [U2 archaic frequency:	 225; concatenates 3 signs].
v., to nourish, support.
adj., strong, powerful (man).
ù:	 n., sleep (cf., u5). [according to S. Lieberman, u, ù, and u4 were pronounced /o/]
v., to sleep.
prep., and; he prospective modal prefix:	 if; when; after; often used as a polite imperative.
pron., a pronominal prefix in a compound noun, to derive a more specific meaning.
u
(3,4,8):	 n., an expression of protest; cries, screams; he grunting, panting of battle; fight, dispute.
v., to bend over.
u4:	 (cf., ud).
u
5:	 n., male bird, cock; totality; earh pile or levee; raised area (sometimes written ù) [U5 archaic frequency:	 1].
v., to mount (in intercourse); to be on top of; to ride; to board (a boat); to steer, conduct.
adj., (raised) high, especially land or ground (sometimes written ù).
u
6:	 (cf., ug6).
u
8:	 (cf., us5).
u
18[GIŠGAL]:	 huge.
u
20[ŠE]:	 barley.
ab:	 window; opening; niche, nook (cf., aba) [AB archaic frequency:	 384; concatenates 2 sign variants (sign also used
for èš and aba - for his reading and meaning in Fara period, see Krebernik, Beschwörungen].
áb:	 domestic cow (a,'water, liquid', + íb,'middle') [AB2 archaic frequency:	 288].
ib:	 corner, angle, nook [IB archaic frequency:	 252; concatenates 2 sign variants].
íb, éb:	 n., middle; waist; loins; highs.
v., to be angry; to flare up in anger; to curse, insult.
ub:	 corner, angle, nook; a small room[UB archaic frequency:	 124].
(kuš)ub
3,5:	 a drum.
ub4:	 cavity, hole; pitfall.5
ad:	 (cf., ada).
ád:	 (cf., adda4).
ad
3,6:	 (cf., adda).
ad4:	 lame, cripple.
éd, è; i:	 to go out, emerge; to send forh; to lead or bring out; to rise; to sprout; to be or become
visible; to appear as a witness (he final d appears in marû conjugation) [ED2 archaic frequency:	 12;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
èd, e11:	 to exit; to rise; to descend, set; to bring down (or up); to import; to fetch; to remove; to drain (è-
dè(-d) in marû).
íd:	 (cf., ída).
id
4,8, it4:	 (cf., itud).
ud, u4:	 n., sun; light; day; time; weaher; storm (demon) [UD archaic frequency:	 419].
prep., when; since.
úd[ÁŠ]:	 emmer (wheat).
ud
5:	 (cf., ùz).
ag:	 (cf., ak).
ég, ék, íg, e:	 n., levee, embankment, dike, bund (a, e4, 'water', + ig, 'door') [EG2 archaic frequency:	
12; concatenates 5 sign variants].
v., to water; to speak, say (e = sing. marû, plural hamtu, and plural marû; cf., dug4, also di); to do (as
auxiliary verb preceded by a noun).
demonstrative pron., his one; in he immediate vicinity; suffixed to ergative agent.
prep., locative/terminative suffix - in; toward.
ig:	 door, entrance [IG archaic frequency:	 43; concatenates 2 sign variants].
ug(2):	 lion; anger, fury; storm.
ug4,5,7,8:	 n., deah; dead person.
v., to kill; to die (singular and plural marû stem; plural hamtu, which is sometimes reduplicated; cf., úš).
ug6, u6[IGI.É]:	 n., amazement; gaze, glance (['EYE' + 'HOUSE']).
v., to look at; to stare at, gaze; to be impressed.
adj., astonishing.
áñ:	 (cf., áña).
ùñ:	 (cf., ùña).
àh; uh:	 (cf., lah).
uh(3):	 lice, louse; nit; flea; moh; insect, parasite, vermin [Uh3 archaic frequency:	 14; concatenates 2 sign variants].
úh; uh, ah:	 phlegm; spittle; slaver, froh; paste; venom; malice.6
ak, ag:	 genitival suffix:	 'of' (cf. also, aka).
ñišal:	 digging stick; wooden mattock, pickax; forked hoe wih from 2 to 4 teeh; spade [AL archaic frequency:	
95].
al:	 verbal prefix:	 used immediately before stative verbs; indicates:	 1) distance; 2) he speaker is not involved;
or 3) he lack of a transitive relationship.
íl:	 (cf., íla).
il
5:	 (cf., ili5).
ul:	 n., joy, pleasure, satisfaction; star; flower; bud; ornament; a capacity measure of 36 liters in Presargonic
Girsu.
v., to glitter, shine.
adj., remote, distant (in time); ancient, enduring.
ùl:	 (cf., úllu).
ul4:	 to be quick; to hurry, hasten, harass [? KIŠIK archaic frequency:	 21; concatenates 3 sign variants].
am:	 (cf., àm and áma).
ám:	 (cf., áña).
àm[A.AN]:	 he Sumerian enclitic copula - 'to be', occurs after a noun [e.g., William king-is]; who, which,
what; (same) as, like (in scholarly lists).
im, em:	 (cf., imi).
ím:	 (cf., gim4).
(gi)
um:	 a rope made of reeds (cf., umu).
an:	 n., sky, heaven; he god An; grain ear/date cluster ('water' + 'high') [AN archaic frequency:	 806].
v., to be high.
adj., high.
prep., in front.
en:	 n., dignitary; lord; high priest; ancestor (statue); diviner [EN archaic frequency:	 1232; concatenates 3 sign
variants].
v., to rule.
adj., noble.
en
(2,3):	 n., time; enigmatic background [EN2 archaic frequency:	 17].
prep., until.
in:	 he, she; straw; insult, offense, invective [IN archaic frequency:	 21].
un:	 (cf., ùña).
ar:	 (cf., ara4).
ár:	 (cf., ára).
àr:	 (cf., har).7
ér, ír:	 n., tears; lamentation; prayer; complaint.
v., to weep.
ir
(10):	 n., sweat; smell, odor, scent; perfume, fragrance [IR archaic frequency:	 53; concatenation of 4 sign
variants].
adj., scented, perfumed, fragrant.
ir
(10), er:	 v., to bring; to lead away (Emesal dialect for túm, cf., re7).
ir
3,11:	 (cf., arad(2)).
ur:	 n., dog; carnivorous beast; servant; young man, warrior; enemy (cf., téš) [UR archaic frequency:	 114;
concatenation of 3 sign variants].
v., to tremble.
adj., humble.
ur
(2,3,4):	 to surround; to flood; to hrow overboard; to drag (over he ground) (often wih -ni-); to erase,
wipe out; to shear, reap, mow (reduplication class) (cf., gur10).
úr:	 floor; base; lap, loins; highs, leg(s); root; trunk of a tree [UR2 archaic frequency:	 78].
ùr:	 roof; entrance; mountain pass; beam, rafter (cf., ur(2,3,4)) [UR3 archaic frequency:	 27; concatenation of 5 sign
variants].
ur4:	 (cf., gur10,14) [? UR4 archaic frequency:	 41; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
ur
5[hAR]:	 n., liver; spleen; heart, soul; bulk, main body; foundation; loan; obligation; interest; surplus,
profit; interest-bearing debt; repayment; slave-woman (cf., har, mur) [UR5 archaic frequency:	 34;
concatenation of 2 sign variants].
inanimate pron., it; hese, he referenced; his, hers, heirs.
v., to chew; to smell; to belch, burp; to roar; to clog, block; to imprison; to be bowed wih grief; to rub
somehing in; to rent.
demonstrative, hus; so; in his way; in he same way; followed by a negation:	 not at all.
ur11:	 (cf., uru4).
as:	 (cf., asa).
us, uzmušen:	 domestic goose or duck (cf., bibad) (loanword into Akkadian) [US archaic frequency:	 18;
concatenation of 2 sign variants].
ús, úz [UŠ]:	 n., side, edge; distance; in geometry:	 lengh; height; vertical; perpendicular.
v., to follow; to drive; to come near to, reach; to let reach; to transport, bring; to join; to be next to, border;
to moor, dock; to lean against (cf., ñíš).
us
5, u8:	 moher ewe, adult female sheep [US5 archaic frequency:	 86].
aš:	 one; unique; alone.
aš
(5):	 spider.
áš:	 n., wish; curse (abbreviated tàš ?, ašte ?) [AŠ2 archaic frequency:	 5].
v., to desire; to curse.8
aš
3,4,8:	 six (ía, 'five', + aš, 'one').
eš:	 n., many, much.
v., to anoint.
adv., adverbial force suffix (sometimes followed by -šè).
éš:	 (cf., éše).
èš:	 shrine [AB archaic frequency:	 384; concatenates 2 sign variants].
eš
5,6,16,21:	 hree.
iš:	 (cf., iši).
uš, ús:	 n., foundation (cf., ñíš) [GIŠ3 archaic frequency:	 16; concatenation of 2 sign variants; UŠ archaic
frequency:	 101; concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to support, lift; to stand upon.
UŠ:	 a lengh measure, reading unknown, = 6 ropes = 60 nindan rods. [UŠ archaic frequency:	 101; concatenates
2 sign variants].
úš:	 n., blood; blood vessel; deah [? ZATU-644 archaic frequency:	 65; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
v., to die; to kill; to block (singular hamtu stem).
adj., dead.
ùš:	 placental membrane, afterbirh.
uš
7:	 spittle.
uš
8:	 foundation place, base.
uš11:	 venom, poison; spittle, slaver; moistening; spell, charm.
az:	 (cf., asa).
uz:	 (cf., us).
úz:	 (cf., ús).
ùz, ud5, ut5:	 she-goat [UD5 archaic frequency:	 109; concatenates 3 signs].
ba:	 n., share, portion; rations, wages [BA archaic frequency:	 523].
v., to give; to divide, apportion, distribute; to pay (interchanges wih bar).
conjugation prefix, used when he subject is inanimate and/or non-agentive (intransitive).
possessive or demonstrative suffix -bi plus nominative -a.
(ku6)ba:	 a shelled creature (such as a turtle or a snail); a scraping tool.
bà:	 liver; liver model; omen.
ba4:	 Emesal dialect, cf., ñá, 'house'.
ba
7:	 (cf., bar).9
be:	 (cf., bad).
bi, bé:	 v., to diminish, lessen; to speak, say (accusative infix b 3rd pers. sing. neuter + e 'to speak'); to
murmer, chirp, twitter, buzz, hum, howl, cry; mention (cf., biz; bi[z]) [KAŠ archaic frequency:	 261;
concatenates 4 sign variants].
pron., it.
poss. suffix, 'its' applies to inanimate (hings and animals) and collective objects.
demonstrative suffix, his (one), hat (one) - in his sense can occur wih animates.
conj., and.
art., he.
adv., adverbial force suffix.
conjugation prefix, differentiates he semantic meaning of certain verbs.
bí:	 (cf., i-bí).
bi
6 [BA]:	 to tear; to tear off (wih -ta-).
bi
7:	 (cf., bìd).
bu
(3,6):	 (cf., bur12; bul) [BU:	 archaic frequency:	 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
bu
5:	 to rush around (cf., bul).
da:	 n., arm; side; nearness (to someone) [DA archaic frequency:	 227; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
v., to hold; to be near; to protect.
prep., comitative suffix, 'wih'; copula, 'and' (mainly in Sargonic date texts).
da
5:	 (cf., dab6).
dé:	 to pour (often wih -ni-); to water; to increase, be full; to shape, form; to instruct; to sink (for oher
meanings - cf., de6,2; ég; gù...dé).
dè:	 ashes; marû form suffix - often indicates a present participle to be translated by English -ing or connotes
future sense. Used like he terminative postposition -šè after verbal phrases to indicate intent or goal.
de
5, di5 [RI]:	 to advise; to remove (earh clods) (reduplicated).
de
6,2, ðe6:	 to bring, carry (-ši- or -ta- denote direction); to continue on (singular hamtu, cf.,
tumu
2,3, lah4; Emesal ga(14)).
di:	 n., lawsuit, case; judgment, decision, verdict; sentence [DI archaic frequency:	 99].
v., to judge, decide; to conduct oneself; to go; to escape (di-dé used as non-finite marû form of dug4,
'to speak').
di
4:	 (cf., tur).
du:	 to walk; to go; to come (sing. marû, cf., ñin, re7, súb) [DU archaic frequency:	 299].
dú:	 (cf., tud).
dù('), ðú:	 n., work; totality.10
v., to build, make; to mould, cast; to erect somehing on he ground; to raise up; to set up; to plant; to
fasten, apply (dù-e in marû).
du
5:	 (cf., sug5)
du
6:	 (cf., dul(6)).
du
7:	 to be finished, complete; to be suitable, fitting; to be necessary; to butt, gore, toss (reduplication class?)
(regularly followed by rá) [DU7 archaic frequency:	 7].
du
8:	 (cf., duh).
du
9:	 (cf., dun5).
du
10:	 (cf., dùg).
du11:	 (cf., dug4).
du12:	 (cf., tuku).
du14:	 quarrel, struggle, fight.
ga:	 n., milk (chamber + water) [GA archaic frequency:	 245; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
conjugation prefix, 'also'; 'and hen'.
modal prefix, cohortative, used wih hamtu forms.
ga6:	 (cf., gùr).
ge(2,6):	 girl.
gi:	 reed; lengh measure, reed = 6 cubits = 3 meters (circular + to sprout) [GI archaic frequency:	 484].
gi(n), ge(n):	 v., to act justly; to stabilize, strenghen; to confirm; to establish somehing as he
property of someone (dative) (loanword from Semitic, Orel & Stolbova #1403, *ka'Vn- 'be true', Akkadian
kânu; cf., ñin, ñen).
adj., just; firm; fixed; reliable, trustworhy.
gi(4):	 to surround, besiege; to lock up (circle + to descend into).
gi(17):	 n., young man (small and hin like a reed).
adj., small.
gí, gé:	 reed mat.
gi4, ge4:	 to return, come back; to send (back) (wih -ši-); to reject, dislike; to restore; to answer
(person to whom answer is given resumed by dative prefix, and wih -ni-) (circular motion + to go out,
send) [GI4 archaic frequency:	 37; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
gi7:	 (cf., gir15).
gi9, ge9:	 (cf., gir10).
gi17:	 (cf., gig).
gi25[DUGUD]:	 (cf., gíg).
gu:	 string, hread; wool yarn; flax; hemp; snare; net; orig. word for needle (circular + grass-like) [GU archaic
frequency:	 53].11
gú:	 neck; nape; river bank; side; oher side; edge; front; land; pulse, chick pea (for 'land, district' cf., gún;
for 'load; talent' cf., gun; gún, gú) (circular + u5, 'on top of'; cf., Orel & Stolbova #982, *gun-
"occiput, neck, nape") [GU2 archaic frequency:	 34].
gu2,4:	 (cf., gud(2)).
gù:	 n., noise, sound; voice.
v., to exclaim; to utter a cry (said of an animal) (hroat + u(3,4,8), 'cries, screams').
gu7, kú:	 n., food, sustenance; fodder; angle [GU7 archaic frequency:	 236].
v., to eat, swallow, consume, use; to eat up, finish off; to feed, nurse, benefit (wih -ni-) (hroat + ú, 'food').
ñá:	 basket; house; stable (cf., ñar) [GA2 archaic frequency:	 125; concatenation of 5 sign variants].
ñá:	 (cf., ñál, ñar, ñe26 and ma(3)).
ñe:	 (cf., me).
ñe6:	 (cf., gíg).
ñe26, ñá:	 I, myself; my.
ñi6:	 (cf., gíg).
ñu10:	 my, mine.
ha:	 precative and affirmative verbal prefix:	 may; let; indeed.
*ha:	 fish (not he usual word for fish, but he fish sign may get its syllabic reading of hA from *h 'many' + a
'water' = 'fish', an alternative to he usual ku6, kua) [KU6 archaic frequency:	 282; concatenates 3 sign variants].
há, hi-a:	 numerous; diverse; assorted; mixed.
hà, hù, a6, u:	 ten (usually written:	 u).
he, hi:	 to mix [hI archaic frequency:	 291].
he(2):	 abundance; abundant.
hé:	 precative and affirmative verbal prefix (same as ha).
hu:	 bird (earlier word han mušen).
ia
2,7,9, í:	 five.
ìa, ì:	 n., oil, fat, cream.
impersonal verbal conjugation prefix, indicates distance from speaker.
ia4, i4:	 pebble, counter.
ka:	 mouh [KA archaic frequency:	 108; concatenates 2 sign variants].
ka:	 in late usage he difference between a rough measuring and a final measuring of a quantity of grain.
ká:	 gate [? KA2 archaic frequency:	 11; concatenates 4 sign variants].
ka
5-(a):	 fox.
ka
9:	 (cf., kas7 and níñ-kas7/ka9).12
-ke4:	 often occurs at he end of a genitival compound which functions as he actor or agent of he sentence
(ak, genitival suffix 'of', + e, ergative agent marker).
ki:	 n., earh; place; area; location; ground; grain ('base' + 'to rise, sprout') [KI archaic frequency:	 386;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
prep., where; wherever, whenever; behind.
kì:	 (cf., kìd).
ku:	 to base, found, build; to lie down (reduplication class) [KU archaic frequency:	 64; concatenates 3 sign variants].
kú:	 (cf., gu7).
kù:	 (cf., kug).
ku4:	 (cf., kur9).
ku
5:	 (cf., kud).
ku
6, kua:	 fish (kú, 'food', + a, 'water') [KU6 archaic frequency:	 282; concatenates 3 sign variants].
ku
7:	 (cf., kuruš).
ku
10:	 (cf., gíg).
la:	 abundance, luxury, wealh; youhful freshness and beauty; bliss, happiness; wish, desire [LA archaic
frequency:	 20; concatenates 4 sign variants].
lá:	 to penetrate, pierce, force a way into (in order to see); to know; to look after; to have a beard (cf. also,
lal) [LA2 archaic frequency:	 57].
ñišli:	 juniper/cedar tree [LI archaic frequency:	 14].
lí:	 true measure; fine oil.
li
9:	 to glisten, shine.
lu:	 n., many, much; man, men, people; sheep.
v., to be/make numerous, abundant; to multiply; to mix; to graze, pasture (reduplication class [?]) (cf., lug).
lú:	 grown man; male; human being; someone, anyone, no one; gentleman [LU2 archaic frequency:	 85].
lù:	 to disturb, agitate, trouble; to fluster, embarrass; to stir, blend.
lu
5:	 (cf., lub, lul).
ma:	 to bind (Emesal dialect for ñál; ñá) [MA archaic frequency:	 250].
ma
(3); ñá:	 to go (Akk. alaaku).
ñišmá:	 boat [MA2 archaic frequency:	 6].
mà:	 (Emesal dialect for ñá-e).
ma4:	 to leave, depart, go out (cf., mud6).
ma
5:	 (cf., mù).
me, mì; ñe:	 n., function, office, responsibility; ideal norm; he phenomenal area of a deity's power;
divine decree, oracle; cult [ME archaic frequency:	 363; concatenates 2 sign variants].13
v., to be; he Sumerian copula; to say, tell.
poss. suffix, our.
mé:	 (cf., gíg).
me
3,6,7,9:	 battle [ME3 archaic frequency:	 4].
me
6:	 to act, behave.
mi:	 (cf., gíg).
mí[SAL]:	 n., woman; female (his pronunciation of he sign found in compound words and verbs or in
enclitic or proclitic position, Hallo & van Dijk, p. 85) (cf. also, mu10, munus) (compounds are more
likely to preserve an older word) [SAL archaic frequency:	 435].
adj., feminine.
mu:	 n., name; word; year; line on a tablet, entry; oah (cf., ñu10) [MU archaic frequency:	 99].
v., to name, speak (cf., mug).
prep., because.
conjugation prefix, suggests involvement by speaker, used especially before dative infixes, preferred for
animate and agentive subjects.
mú:	 (cf., mud6).
mù, ma5[KA×ŠÈ]:	 to mill, grind; to burn (reduplication class).
mu4:	 (cf., mur10).
mu
5:	 well-formed, beautiful; plump, fattened.
mu
7[KA×LI]:	 to shout, scream, roar; exorcism ?.
mu
10[SAL]:	 woman; female (cf. also, mí, munus) [SAL archaic frequency:	 435].
na:	 n., human being; incense [NA archaic frequency:	 105; concatenates 3 sign variants].
adj., no.
modal prefix, emphatic in past tense; prohibitive in present/future tense.
ná, nú:	 (cf., nud).
na4; na:	 pebble, rock, ordinary stone; stone weight; token; hailstone.
na
5:	 chest, box.
ne(-e), ne.en:	 his (one); hat (one); demonstrative affix [NE archaic frequency:	 303; concatenation of 4
sign variants].
nè; ní:	 strengh, vigor, violence; forces, host.
ni; na:	 he, she; hat one (human animate pronoun or possessive suffix) [NI archaic frequency:	 263;
concatenation of 2 sign variants].
ní:	 self; body; one's own [NI2 archaic frequency:	 34].
ní; ne4:	 fear; respect; frightfulness; awe.14
nì:	 (cf., níñ).
ni
9:	 (cf., nìñin).
nu:	 n., image, likeness, picture, figurine, statue [NU archaic frequency:	 101].
adj. & adv., no, not; wihout; negative.
pron., a pronominal prefix in a compound noun describing a person; or a phonetic writing for lú.
nu11[ŠIR]:	 light; fire, lamp; alabaster [NU11 archaic frequency:	 32].
(ñiš)
pa:	 leaf, bud, sprout; branch; wing; feaher [PA archaic frequency:	 378; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
pà:	 (cf., pàd).
pa4,5,6(-r):	 irrigation ditch, small canal, dike.
pú:	 well, cistern, pool, fountain; deph [PU2 archaic frequency:	 37].
ra(-g/h):	 n., inundation [RA archaic frequency:	 25].
v., to strike, stab, slay; to stir; to impress, stamp, or roll (a seal into clay); to branch out (from he side of a
canal); to flood, overflow; to measure; to pack, haul, or hrow away (wih -ta-).
prep., dative suffix - for - denotes he animate being towards whom or in favor of whom an action is done.
rá:	 (cf., re7).
rà:	 (cf., ara4).
re
7; ri6, rá, ir10; e-re7; er, ir:	 to accompany, lead; to bear; to go; to drive
along or away; to stir, mix (plural hamtu e.re7.er; cf., du, ñin, súb).
ri:	 v., to hrow, cast; to place, pour, put into; to place upon or against (wih -ši-); to be located; to touch;
to moor a boat; to break open; to expel, remove, hrow away, sweep away (wih -ta-); to emit; to beget;
to blow (said of a storm); to inundate; to exchange; to take; to gaher, glean; to plan somehing (ri is
hamtu form, ri-g is marû form, ri-ri-g is plural; cf., rig) [RI archaic frequency:	 1].
adj., far.
demonstrative affix, hat, hose; regarding hat (where he reference is to somehing outside he view of he
speaker - over yonder).
RI:	 calendar monh 5 at Umma during Ur III.
ru:	 n., present, gift [RU archaic frequency:	 120].
v., to blow; to give; to send (cf., rúg).
rú:	 (cf., dù).
rù:	 to be equal in size or rank.
ru
5:	 to send forh shoots, buds, or blossoms; to butt; to gore.
sa:	 n., sinew, tendon; cord; net; mat; bundle; string of a musical instrument [SA archaic frequency:	 54;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to roast (barley) (cf., si; sa).
sá:	 n., advice.15
v., to approach or equal in value; to compare wih; to compete (wih -da-).
sa4:	 to name; to call by name.
sa
5:	 n., red ocher.
adj., red, red-brown.
sa
6:	 (cf., sag9).
sa
7:	 well-formed.
sa
9[MAŠ]:	 half.
sa
10:	 to be equivalent; to buy (cf., sám).
sa12:	 (cf., sañ).
si:	 n., horn(s); antenna(e); line; ray(s); light; plowland (cf., sig5) [SI archaic frequency:	 417].
v., to stand upright; to be straight; to be in order; to become completely still.
adj., regular, normal.
si; su; sa; sa5:	 v., to fill up; to fill wih (wih -da-); to survey a field; to inundate; to be full; to
be sufficient, enough; to increase; to compensate, repay, replace; to grow weak (probably reduplication
class) (cf., sum, sug6, rúg, sig, sig5).
adj., suitable, fit.
sì, sè:	 (cf., sig10).
si4, su4, sa11:	 red [SI4 archaic frequency:	 116; concatenates 5 sign variants].
si14:	 a small pot.
su:	 n., body; flesh; skin; animal hide; relatives; substitute (as verb, cf., si; sug6 or rúg) [SU archaic
frequency:	 188; concatenates 2 sign variants].
adj., naked.
lú
SU:	 Subarian.
su
(3):	 (cf., sud, sug4) [SU3 archaic frequency:	 6].
sú:	 (cf., zu)
su4:	 to grow; to multiply.
su
5:	 (cf., suh5).
su
6:	 (cf., sun4).
su
7:	 (cf., sug8).
su
8:	 (cf., súg, súb).
su
9; ša4:	 n., red ocher.
v., to mourn, grieve.
su11:	 (cf., zú).
su
13:	 (cf., sud4).16
su
x (TAG):	 to spread (cf., sud).
ša:	 to dry up [ŠA archaic frequency:	 97].
šà:	 (cf., šag4).
ša4, še13:	 (cf., su9).
ša
5:	 to cut, break (reeds).
ša
6:	 (cf., sag9).
še:	 n., barley; grain; a small lengh measure, barleycorn = 1/6 finger = 1/30 cubit = 1.67 centimeter in Presarg.-
OB period; as a surface area measure = 432 square linear barleycorns = 12 square fingers; as a volume
measure = 1/180 gín = 1/3 gín-tur = 1 2/3 sìla = 360 cubic fingers = 1/10800 sar = approx.
1.667 liters; 1/180 of a gín or shekel of silver = ca. 0.0463 grams (cf., še-ga/ge) [ŠE archaic
frequency:	 639; concatenates 3 sign variants].
demonstrative affix, may indicate 'here' wihin he view of he speaker.
šè:	 n., portion [ŠE3 archaic frequency:	 152].
prep., to, unto, as far as, up to; as regards, concerning; because of, for he sake of; until (terminative suffix
and in Old Sumerian period terminative prefix).
še4:	 (cf., sed).
še
6:	 (cf., šeñ6).
še
7:	 (cf., šèñ).
še
8:	 (cf., šéš).
še
10:	 excrement, dung.
še17:	 (cf., sed4).
še
29[LÚ×KÁR, LÚ-KÁR]:	 (cf., šaña).
ši:	 contrapunctive modal prefix; terminative prefix after Old Sumerian period (cf., šè).
šu:	 n., hand; share, portion, bundle; strengh; control [ŠU archaic frequency:	 360].
v., to pour.
šú:	 (cf., šúš).
šu4(-g):	 to stand; to be deployed, set up (plural, reduplication class).
šu4:	 (cf., šuš).
šu12:	 (cf., šùde).
ta, dá:	 n., nature, character [TA archaic frequency:	 34; concatenates 6 sign variants].
prep., from; to; for; by means of (ablative-instrumental noun suffix and verbal prefix; as a noun suffix can be
a locative wih remote deixis, as in an-ta and ki-ta).
ta
6:	 (cf., taka4).
te, de4:	 n., cheek, chin (cf., temen) [TE archaic frequency:	 199].17
te, de4; ti:	 v., to approach, meet (someone:	 dative); to attack, assault; to be frightened (alternating
class, hamtu stem; cf., te-ñe26).
tè:	 an alkaline plant (?); soapwort (?); cardamon (cf., naña).
te
8[Á]mušen:	 bearded vulture.
ti:	 side, rib; arrow (cf., te, dih, and tìl) [TI archaic frequency:	 105; concatenates 2 sign variants].
tu:	 to interfere (cf., tud and tur5) [TU archaic frequency:	 54; concatenates 3 sign variants].
tumušen:	 (cf., tum12mušen).
tú:	 (cf., tam).
tu
2,3:	 (cf., tumu2,3).
tu
5,17:	 n., bah.
v., to wash, bahe; to pour; to make libation (probably reduplication class).
tu
6:	 exorcism; conjuration; exorcistic formula.
tu
7:	 soup; soup pitcher.
tu
9:	 (cf., túg).
tu
10,11:	 (cf., dun).
tu
15:	 (cf., tumu).
za:	 you (singular).
za:	 to make noise (occurs as he verb in compounds wih repetitive, onomatopoeic syllables symbolizing a
repeated monotonous noise or motion (Krebernik, Beschwörungen, p. 70, summarizes he different
compounds hat occur in ED IIIB texts).
za
(2):	 precious stone, gemstone; bead; hailstone; pit; kernel [ZA archaic frequency:	 9].
zà:	 (cf., zag).
zé[ZÍ]:	 to cut; to shear, cut hair; to pluck (Emesal dialect for dùg, cf., zil; zé-er).
zi:	 n., breahing; breah (of life); hroat; soul (cf., zid, zìg) [ZI archaic frequency:	 116; concatenates 3 sign
variants].
v., (wih -r Auslaut) to destroy; to annihilate.
zí:	 stench; bile; bitter.
zì:	 (cf., zíd).
zu, sú:	 n., wisdom, knowledge.
v., to know; to understand; to inform, teach (in marû reduplicated form); to learn from someone (wih -da-);
to recognize someone (wih -da-); to be experienced, qualified.
adj., your (as suffix).
pron., yours.
zú, su11[KA]:	 tooh, teeh; prong; horn; blade; ivory; flint, chert; obsidian; natural glass.18
zu
5:	 (cf., azu).
aba, ab:	 lake; sea [AB archaic frequency:	 384; concatenates 2 sign variants].
abba:	 (cf., ab-ba).
ubiku6:	 a marine and fluvial fish [UBI archaic frequency:	 7; concatenates 2 signs].
ubu [AŠ]:	 area measure, = 1/2 of an iku (= 50 sar).
ada, ad:	 n., faher; shout; song [AD archaic frequency:	 36; concatenates 3 sign variants].
v., to balk.
adda
(2), ad3,6:	 carcass, corpse; skeleton [ADDA archaic frequency:	 4].
adda4, ád:	 to dispatch, send; to drive away; shrub, hornbush [? KIŠIK archaic frequency:	 21; concatenates
3 sign variants].
ída, íd, i7:	 river; main canal; watercourse (éd,'to issue', + a,'water').
udu:	 sheep; small cattle; ram, weher [UDU archaic frequency:	 452; concatenates 2 signs].
aga(3):	 diadem, circlet, crown (of legitimate kingship); turban [TUN3 archaic frequency:	 96; concatenates 3 sign
variants].
ugamušen:	 raven.
egi(2):	 (cf., egir2/3).
égi:	 (cf., ègir).
igi:	 n., eye(s); glance; face; aspect, looks; front (reduplicated ig, 'door') [IGI archaic frequency:	 21].
v., to see.
prep., before, in front of.
igi:	 reciprocal of a number (= he multiplier hat will give 60; he igi of 5 is 0;12) (abbreviation of igi-
ñál, 'hat which is opposite').
ugu[U.GÙ]:	 n., skull; top of he head; top side; upper part; voice (cf., ùgun, ugu(4)) (ù,'after it', +
gú,'neck').
pron., him, her, hem, his one.
prep., upon, over, on top; after; comparative enhancer of adjectives.
úgu[A.KA]:	 debits part of account tablet.
ugu4[KU]:	 to bear, procreate, produce (cf., ugu4-bi).
áña, áñ, áka, ám:	 to measure out, mete; to measure (area, lengh, time, capacity); to check.
ùña, ùñ, ùku, un(-ñá):	 people; population; crowd.
áhi, ah5, á:	 arm; wing; horn; side; strengh; work performance; wages; moment. [A2 archaic frequency:	
3]
aka, ak, ag, a5:	 to do, act; to place; to make into (somehing) (wih -si-) [AK archaic frequency:	
149; concatenates 2 sign variants].19
àka:	 fleece.
iku:	 a surface measure of 3600 meters2 = 100 sar = 1 square 'rope' = 1/18 bùr (plural Akk. form of ég,
ék, 'levee').
uku
2,5:	 (cf., ukur3,4).
ùku:	 (cf., ùña).
íla, íli, íl:	 n., carrier.
v., to lift, carry; to deliver; to bring; to endure; to support; to carry forward (in accounting); to be high; to
shine (íl-i in marû).
ili
5:	 to rise, get up.
illu:	 high water, flood; (amniotic) fluid; resin.
ùlu:	 (cf., u18).
úllu[KIB], ùl:	 leash; reins [KIB archaic frequency:	 7].
ama:	 moher [AMA archaic frequency:	 241; concatenates 2 sign variants].
áma, am:	 wild ox or cow (aurochs).
ama
(4,5), áme:	 women's quarters; living room.
eme:	 tongue; speech; plow's share.
ñiš
eme:	 a utensil.
emma:	 (cf., enmen).
émma:	 (cf., énmen).
éme:	 (cf., ummeda(2)).
eme
3,5,6:	 she-ass, jenny.
imi, im, em:	 clay, loam, mud; tablet [IM archaic frequency:	 67; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
imi, im, em:	 wind; direction; weaher; storm; cloud; rain (cf., tumu).
umu, um:	 old woman; nurse; wise or skillful teacher.
ùmmu:	 (cf., ummud).
únu:	 (cf., únug).
ùnu(-d):	 feast; chief cowherd.
unu
6:	 (cf., ùnug).
ára, ár[UB]:	 n., praise, glory.
v., to praise, glorify.
ara
3,5:	 (cf., hara).
ara4; ar; rà:	 v., to shine; to blaze.
adj., bright; clear; polished.20
iri:	 (cf., uru).
uri
(2):	 Akkadian (cf., kínda) [URI archaic frequency:	 35; URI2 archaic frequency:	 1].
ùri[ŠEŠ]:	 (cf., urin).
uri
2,5:	 (cf., urim2,5).
uru
(2)
(ki), iri, rí; iri11:	 city, town, village, district [URU archaic frequency:	 101;
concatenation of 5 sign variants; UNUG archaic frequency:	 206; concatenates 3 sign variants].
uru
2,5,18:	 n., devastating flood; hunderstorm.
adj., high, deep.
ùru(-m)[ŠEŠ]:	 n., watch fire; light; glowing, luminous object.
v., to watch, guard; to protect.
uru4[APIN], ur11(-ru):	 to plow, till, cultivate.
uru
9:	 stanchion, support.
uru12:	 same meaning as ur(2,3,4) wih he marû aspect-e suffix and vowel harmony.
uru
16(-n):	 valiant; strong, mighty; clever.
asa, as, az:	 cage; fetter; bear; myrtle [AZ archaic frequency:	 13].
esi:	 (cf., (na4)esig).
isi:	 pit; clay pit.
usu:	 skill; strengh.
ussu
(2,3):	 eight (ía, 'five', + eš5, 'hree').
aša
5:	 (cf., ašag).
eša, eše4:	 emmer wheat flour.
éšša:	 to be satiated, full.
éše, éš[ŠÈ]:	 rope; measuring tape/cord; lengh measure, rope = 10 nindan rods = 20 reeds = 120
cubits = he side of 1 square iku in area = 1,0,0 [602] fingers; a surface area measure, = 6 iku; leash (can
be an adverbial suffix like eš) (eš, 'much', + eš, 'much') [ŠE3 archaic frequency:	 152].
èše:	 a surface measure = 2.16 hectares or 6 iku.
iši:	 mountain [IŠ archaic frequency:	 88; concatenates 3 sign variants].
eššu:	 ear of barley or oher grain.
ušu:	 a crop-devouring insect.
ùšu:	 hirty (eš5,'hree', + hà/u,'ten').
itu, iti:	 (cf., itud).
iti
6[UD.dNANNA]:	 moonlight.
d
utu:	 he sun as a god (cf., ud).21
útu:	 a dish prepared wih milk.
azu, úzu, zu5:	 doctor (cf., a-zu) [AZU archaic frequency:	 7].
izi[NE]:	 fire (cf., iz-zi) [NE archaic frequency:	 303; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
uzu:	 flesh; cut of meat; omen (ùz, 'goat', + zé, 'to cut').
uzu
5:	 evening, sunset.
dab
(2,4,5), dib(2):	 n., fetter.
v., to hold; to take, seize, catch; to bind, tie up; to take away; to hire; to receive (motion into open
container).
dab
6, da5:	 to surround; to beset, besiege.
dib
(2):	 to traverse, cross; to infringe upon; to pass (by/along); to send over; to wander [? DIB archaic
frequency:	 6].
dub:	 n., (clay) tablet; document (motion into open container) [DUB archaic frequency:	 229; concatenates 6 sign
variants].
v., to store, heap up; to pour out; to move in a circle; to shake; to sprinkle off, strew (wih -ta-); to dye
(fabrics) (reduplication class ?).
dúb, túb:	 to kick, flop (said of fish, newborn animals, and slaughtered animals); to strike, hammer,
knock down; to (make) tremble, quake; to rumble [DUB2 archaic frequency:	 2].
gaba:	 breast; chest; side (of a field or mountain) (ga, 'milk', + ba, 'to give').
gib:	 (cf., gilim[-b]).
gub:	 to stand; to set, erect, install (singular); to set down in writing; to stand by, to serve (wih -da-); to do
service (wih -ši-); to stand aside (wih -ta-) (to be long and hroat-like in open container).
gúb:	 to purify, cleanse.
gùb:	 left (hand) (cf., hab and húb; he left was he hand hat stank from wiping excrement) [GUB3 archaic
frequency:	 15; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
hab(2):	 n., foul smell; resin; gall(nut) (attracting many vermin in open container).
v., to stink; to rot.
adj., malodorous.
hub, hup:	 deph; defeat [hUB archaic frequency:	 1].
húb, húp:	 acrobat, ahlete; a type of weaver (?); a left-handed or ambidextrous person (?) [hUB2 archaic
frequency:	 2].
káb:	 flaxen measuring string ?.
kib:	 an object, hat could be made of gold.
kib
x[GIG](-ba):	 wheat.
lib
x[Í.UDU]:	 mutton fat; grease (abundance collected in open container).
lub[LUL](-bi):	 a cut of meat.22
urudulub(-bi):	 an ax for use in agriculture or as a weapon.
nab:	 ocean; musician; Elamite word for 'god' (ní, 'fear, respect', + aba, ab, 'lake, sea') [NAB archaic frequency:	
10].
nib:	 cheetah; leopard (ní, 'fear, respect' + íb, 'to be angry').
pab, pap, pa4:	 faher; broher; man; leader [PAP archaic frequency:	 501; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
(ñiš)rab, rap:	 ring; clamp; fetter, shackle; stock; pillory; snare (to slide + open container).
rib:	 to be higher in rank; to go away (Akk. rabbu).
sub; su-ub:	 to suck; to suckle; to clog; to bless; to pray (naked flesh + open container).
súb, súg, su8:	 to lead out; to stand; to travel (plural marû su8-bé, said of two or more, such as
a herd; cf., also du, ñin, re7).
sub
2/3:	 (cf., sipad).
šab (PA.IB):	 n., middle; stem (cf., sabad; dugšab) [ŠAB archaic frequency:	 61; concatenation of 2
sign variants].
v., to subtract, deduct; to bite off; to snip out, chip out; to fall out, disappear; to apportion (lots); to gaher
up (portion + divide).
dugšab:	 pot; pail; vessel.
šib, šip:	 exorcism.
šub:	 to cast, hrow; to be cast; (wih -da-) to drop, let fall; to fall (upon); to fell a tree; (wih -ta-) to hrow
out, remove (šu, 'hand' + bu5, 'to rush around').
šub
6[ŠID]:	 to lick.
šuba
(2/3):	 n., a precious stone - agate (?); a priest (cf., sipad).
v., to be bahed, clean ('licked clean' ?).
adj., pretty; shining.
tab:	 n., companion; pair; sting; fever.
v., to hold, clasp; to bind; to burn; to tremble, shake; to make haste; to join (wih -da-); to be/make double
(sometimes reduplicated) (side + open container).
adv., togeher (precedes he modified verb).
tub
x:	 (cf., tun).
zib
(2):	 haunch; stamp, brand; distinguishing mark; color (izi, 'fire' + íb, 'high').
zubu, zubi:	 sickle (zú, 'flint; tooh', + bu[r], 'to pull, draw, cut off') [? ZUBI archaic frequency:	 2;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
bad, be:	 to open; to let out; to go away; to be at a distance; to drive away; to separate, remove
(regularly followed by rá; cf., bara4 and semantics of bar) (open container wih motion away from)
[BAD archaic frequency:	 23].
bàd:	 n., (city) wall [? EZEN archaic frequency:	 114; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
v., to climb, ascend.23
bad4:	 fortress; hardship, difficulty; inarable land.
bìd, bi7:	 n., anus (open container wih motion away from).
v., to defecate; to urinate.
dida:	 beer; beer ingredient.
didi:	 young, small.
gada:	 flax; linen (clohing) (gu, 'flax, hread', + da, 'to protect') [GADA archaic frequency:	 96; concatenation of 2
sign variants].
gíd[BU]:	 n., lengh [BU:	 archaic frequency:	 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
v., to lenghen; to draw, pull, tow; to measure out; to manage; to reach out (to take) (to be long and hroatlike wih motion away from).
adj., long; distant.
gud, guðx, gu4:	 n., domestic ox, bull (regularly followed by rá; cf., gur(4)) (voice/sound wih
repetitive processing - refers to he bellow of a bull) [GU4 archaic frequency:	 182].
v., to dance, leap (cf., gu4-ud).
gudku6; gu-udku6:	 carp ('dancing, leaping fish').
gud(2), gu2,4:	 warrior.
gùd:	 nest.
gud8:	 short (related to but opposite in meaning to gíd).
gúda, gudu4:	 (cf., gudug).
háda, had(2):	 v., to dry; to shine brightly (hé, 'let it become', + dág, 'brilliant').
adj., dry; dried (e.g., fish); white.
húd:	 morning [UD archaic frequency:	 419].
kad
4,5:	 to tie, bind togeher [KAD4 archaic frequency:	 13; concatenates 4 sign variants].
gikid:	 reed mat [KID archaic frequency:	 76; concatenates 5 sign variants].
kid
2,7:	 to pinch off (clay); to remove; to divorce; to dispossess; to open (ground wih motion away from;
cf., kìr, 'to nip off clay').
kìd, kì:	 to build; to make; to act (ground/floor plus motion).
kid
6, kad6,8:	 to weave a mat (ground/floor plus motion).
kud, kur5, ku5:	 to cut off (wih -ta-); to breach (a dike); to separate; to levy tax or tribute; to curse
(regularly followed by rá; cf., gur5, kìr, and gur10) (base wih motion away from).
lud:	 a small bowl; a pestle (abundance + motion).
mud:	 n., heel; handle; a right-angled tool [MUD archaic frequency:	 88].
v., to give birh; to be afraid; to frighten (closed container wih motion out from).
adj., dark, dim.24
múd:	 blood (closed container wih motion out from).
mud
3,4:	 a large vat for beer [MUD3 archaic frequency:	 27; concatenates 4 sign variants].
mud
5:	 exultation, jubilation.
mud
6, mú:	 to sing; to blow; to ignite, kindle; to make grow; to sprout, appear (reduplication class) (mu,
'word', + éd, 'to go out').
mud
8[NUNUZ-ÁB = LAK 449]:	 an amphora in he 30-60 liter range wih two neck handles, = 50
ku-li, Presargonic Girsu.
ñišnàd, ná:	 bed, couch (ná = nú-a, 'to lie down' + nominative [from R. Englund]) [NA2 archaic frequency:	
72; concatenates 4 sign variants].
nud, nú:	 to lie down; to lie togeher wih (wih -da-); to lay down (wih -ni-); to sleep; to kill (nu, 'not',
+ éd, 'to go out').
pad, paðx:	 n., bite, small repast (regularly followed by rá; cf., bur and búru) (sprout + repetitive
processing) [? PAD archaic frequency:	 38; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
v., to break off.
pàd, pà:	 to show, reveal; to choose, call; to seek; to find; to declare; to swear, take an oah; to choose
out of (wih ablative prefix) (pà-dè in sing. marû; pà-pà-dè in plural marû) (sprout, branch + to
go out; cp., pa...éd, 'to show; to make appear'; cf., ér...pàd) [PA3 archaic frequency:	 30].
ñišrad[ŠÌTA]:	 a tree, possibly a citrus tree [ŠITA3 archaic frequency:	 139; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
sed
(4,5,6), šed7,10,11,12, še4,5,17,18,23:	 n., cold water; coolness (si, 'to fill up', + éd, 'to go out').
v., to cool down; to repose; to be calmed, quieted; to pacify; to abate, subside.
sud, sù; su:	 v., to be/make remote, far away, lasting; to stretch; to wag (a tail); to rejoice, feel
delight; to sip; to sprinkle; to strew; to furnish, provide; to immerse; to sink; to drown (reduplication
class) (regularly followed by rá) (su4, 'to grow up, multiply', + éd, 'to go out').
adj., distant, remote; long (duration).
súd:	 to pound, crush; to gnash (he teeh) (su9, 'red ochre', + motion).
sud4, su13:	 v., to be long; to prolong, lenghen; to last; to give, present (regularly followed by rá)
(narrow line + repetitive process) [BU:	 archaic frequency:	 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
adj., long.
šed
7,10,11,12:	 (cf., sed(4,5,6)).
šid, šed:	 (cf., šita5).
šid
3,4,5:	 (cf., šita(4)).
šùde, šùdu, šùd, šu12:	 n., prayer, blessing [ŠU12 archaic frequency:	 1].
v., to pray, bless (šu, 'hand', + dé, 'to hail').
tud, tu, dú:	 to bear, give birh to; to beget; to be born; to make, fashion, create; to be reborn,
transformed, changed (to approach and meet + to go out).
túd:	 to spank; to cane (tu, 'to interfere', + motion).
zid, zi:	 n., faih, confidence; legitimacy, sanction; truh (zi, 'soul', + éd, 'to go forh').25
v., to strenghen (e.g., he levees of a canal).
adj., right (hand); righteous; good; firm; faihful; true; legitimate; lawful; appropriate.
zíd, zì[ŠÈ]:	 flour, meal (life + motion as in grinding).
dag:	 n., resting-place, dwelling, chamber (motion as in traveling + hroat-like chamber) [DAG archaic frequency:	
4].
v., to add; to stretch (out); to roam about.
dág:	 brilliant; pure; clean ('to go out' + aga(3), 'diadem, circlet, crown').
dig:	 v., to become moist, soft, workable; to be in a weakened state (motion + hroat-like chamber, vagina).
adj., moist.
dug:	 standard size earhen jar, pot, jug, vessel, = 30 liters (sìla), except at Presargonic Girsu = 20 liters
[DUG archaic frequency:	 581; concatenates 5 sign variants].
dùg, du10:	 n., gladness; knee(s); lap; loins; member (motion + hroat-like chamber, vagina).
v., to enjoy; to be/make enjoyable.
adj., sweet, good; beautiful; favorable; pleasing; fresh (water).
dug4, du11:	 n., speech.
v., to speak; to order, command; to sing; to speak wih, converse (wih -da-) (singular hamtu form, cf. also,
ég); to do (as auxiliary verb preceded by a noun) (nonfinite form = di) (to make a motion in he hroat).
(ñiš)gag, kak:	 peg; nail, spike; bone; hinge, joint, knee (reduplicated to be long and neck-like; cf., gub)
[KAK archaic frequency:	 46; concatenates 2 sign variants].
gig, gi17:	 n., illness; injury; wheat (cf., kibx) (hroat + i, 'cry of pain', + hroat) [GIG archaic frequency:	
16].
v., to be/make sick; to be painful to (wih dative); to reject.
adj., painful.
gíg, ñíg, gi6, ge6, ñi6, ñe6, mi, mé, ku10; gi25 n., night (sounds
represent he hroat chamber or he mouh as an enclosed dark chamber) [GI6 archaic frequency:	 105].
v., to be black or dark (ku10:	 reduplication class).
adj., black, dark (cf., kúkku).
gug:	 monhly offering; brand; carnelian (wih na4).
nindagúg:	 cake; pressed-date bread (gu7, 'to eat, swallow, consume' + round and neck-like) [GUG2 archaic
frequency:	 70; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
gug5:	 hostility, war (might be reduplicated ug5,7,8, 'to kill; to die').
kug, kù:	 n., silver; precious metal; money; noble (ku, 'to base, build' + aga(3), 'diadem, circlet, crown')
[KU3 archaic frequency:	 181; concatenates 3 sign variants].
v., to cleanse, purify; to make cultically pure.
adj., bright, pure; white; sacred, holy.
lag, lañ:	 piece; lump, gob; clod; bulk size, collected mass (abundance + round).26
lug, lu:	 to swarm (said of birds and fish) (lu, 'to be numerous' + gù, 'noise, sound').
mug, muk; mu:	 n., chisel; short, broken wool fibers, tow; sty, eyesore.
v., to hew out, hollow out; to engrave, carve; to abrade, erode (chamber + ku, 'to build').
mug(2):	 n., nakedness; pudenda (mu10, 'female' + ig, 'door, entrance').
v., to be in heat.
nug:	 a perfume plant.
nig:	 bitch; lioness (ní, 'strengh, respect, fear' + ig, 'door, entrance'; cf., nib, 'cheetah; leopard').
níg:	 (cf., níñ).
nigu, niga(2):	 fattened (e.g., oxen or sheep); grain-fed (ní, 'body' or níñ, 'hing', + gu7, 'to feed, eat'
+ nominative a).
pag, bag[hU]:	 to cage, shelter (birds) (branches + round chamber).
rig; ri:	 to bring; to tend; to pull; to glean, pick (reduplication class) (flowing motion such as re7, 'to
accompany, lead, drive along' + ig, 'door, entrance').
rìg:	 mace, weapon (ri, 'to hrow' + ug5,7,8, 'to kill').
rig5,7:	 n., list; temple ward, slave.
v., to deed, grant (see etymology of sa12...rig7).
rúg [SU or NAM.SU]; ru:	 to restore; to replace; to pay back; to receive (reduplication
class) (ru, 'to give; to send' + entrance).
sag5:	 (cf., zàg).
sag9, šag5, sig6, sa6, ša6:	 n., good fortune; (divine) grace, favor.
v., to be/make good; to please, satisfy; to be friendly (wih dative or -da-) (reduplicated in hamtu; sa6-
ge in marû).
adj., sweet, good, pleasant; beautiful; fruitful (sa7, 'well-formed' + ge(2,6), 'girl').
sagi [SÌLA.ŠU.DU8]:	 cupbearer (loan from Akk. šaaqû).
sig; si(-ga):	 adj., low; late; small, narrow; weak (cf. si-ga as noun, verb, and adjective in
compounds) [SIG archaic frequency:	 66].
síg:	 (cf., siki).
sig3,10,11,18, sag2,3, sì, sè:	 n., stroke, blow.
v., to chop down (trees); to strike, hurt, damage; to beat (rhyhmically, for instance a drum); to (make) totter,
shake, quake; to demolish, raze; to flatten, crush; to remove, doff; to become still, settled (si, 'to stand
upright' + ug5,7,8, 'to kill'; cf., sug5).
sig4:	 sun-dried unbaked brick; brickwork; wall(s) [? SIG4 archaic frequency:	 2].
sig5, sag10:	 (to be) mild, sweet, good; of fine quality (narrow, fine + hroat for eating).
sig5,9; šeg5; si:	 n., silence.
v., to stay silent; to silence (si, 'to be still' + hroat for vocalizing).27
sig7, se12(-g), sa7(-g):	 v., to let live; to create; to live; to dwell; to complete; to be/make
pleasant or beautiful; to garden; to pull out weeds; to tear out; to complain (in meanings 'to live', plural
stem of tìl) (si, 'upright stalks' + ég, 'to water') [SIG7 archaic frequency:	 61].
adj., pale, sallow; green, yellow.
sig9; si:	 to be narrow (narrow, fine [ + neck-like]).
sig10, sì, sè:	 to apply, place, set, put in; to engrave; to make flat, even; to subject, subdue; to sweep
along; to do, cause; to surround; to compare; to match (cf., sum, sig3) (combination of meanings
such as:	 su
x, 'to spread', sig3, 'to knock down', and sá, 'to compare').
sig17 (GI):	 he color of he low or setting sun = reddish yellow or gold (cf., sig).
sigga, sig14, šeg8,9:	 wild mountain boar ? (cf., šah, šenbar) [ŠEG9 archaic frequency:	 10].
sug:	 swamp; flood basin; lake; fertile land (to fill, inundate + ég, 'levee, dike') [SUG archaic frequency:	 15].
súg, su8:	 to stand (plural marû) (cf., gub, súb) (su, 'body' + 'long and neck-like').
sug4, sù; su:	 v., to strip naked, lay bare; to empty (su, 'body' + ig, 'entrance'; cp,
mug(2),'nakedness').
adj., empty, destitute.
sug5[GÍN]:	 to bring low; to knock down (also read dùn, du5 wih his meaning) (cf., tùn) (si, 'to
stand upright' + ug5,7,8, 'to kill'; cf., sig3,10,11,18, sag2,3, sì, sè) [SUG5 archaic frequency:	 67].
sug6, su:	 to replace, restore, return (a loan, etc.) (reduplication class) (cf., rúg) (to fill up + entrance,
chamber).
sug8, sul4, sur12, su7:	 hreshing floor; grain pile; a small animal (cf., su-a, 'cat').
šag4, šà:	 n., intestines; gut; heart; stomach; abdomen; entrails; content; womb; body; interior, midst,
inside; bed of a river; will, volition; mood; meaning, significance (grain/excrement + water/urine +
chamber) [ŠA3 archaic frequency:	 137; concatenates 6 sign variants].
prep., in; at.
šag5:	 to slaughter (ša5, 'to cut, break' + ug5,7,8, 'to kill').
šag5:	 (cf., sag9).
šeg4:	 frost; cold shudder, chills.
šeg8/9:	 snow; ice (cf., sigga).
šug:	 (cf., šuku).
tag:	 (cf., taka).
tag4:	 (cf., taka4).
tigi [BALAÑ.NAR]; tígi [NAR.BALAÑ]:	 harp (ti, 'life', + gi4, 'to restore').
túg, tu9:	 cloh; cloh garment (side + to encircle) [TUG2 archaic frequency:	 311; concatenates 3 sign variants].
lúTÚG:	 fuller.
tug4:	 (cf., tuku4).28
zag, zà:	 boundary, border, limit, side; cusp, beginning; territory, district, place; sanctuary; percentage;
a measure for fish; shoulder; right (side); front; outside of (life + to encircle) [ZAG archaic frequency:	 71;
concatenates 3 sign variants].
zàg, sag5, zàñ, sañ5[ŠID]:	 to choose; chosen.
zìg, zi:	 n., wall, partition (úz, 'side, edge', + ig, 'door').
v., to stand up, rise ; to rise up from (wih -ta- or -ra-); to rouse; to go out or make go out; to tear out,
uproot, weed; to take out, extract; to spend or credit; to approach; to recruit (zi-zi in marû).
adj., high.
zug4[KA×LI]:	 (cf., ú-zug4).
giñ4:	 (cf., gín).
huñ, hun(-ñ):	 to hire or rent (someone or somehing); to introduce (to a job); to rest, repose; to abate
(many + to mete out to).
kíñ, kin:	 n., message, order; task, work (to build + to mete out to) [KIN archaic frequency:	 9].
v., to seek, fetch (wih locative-terminative -ni-); to send; to order (reduplication class).
luña[PA.ÑÁ], lúñ[PA], lu9:	 fault, error; bad; abusive remark; impudence.
nañ, na8:	 n., drink.
v., to drink; to water, irrigate; to drink out of (wih -ta-) (na8-na8 in marû) (ní, 'body, self', + a, 'water', +
áñ, 'to mete out to').
naña:	 soda, alkali, potash (used as soap); an alkaline plant; soapwort (nañ, 'to drink', + a, 'water') [NAGA
archaic frequency:	 125; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
[ñiš]naña3,4, nañX[GAZ, KUM]:	 to crush; (wih nominative -a) pestle.
níñ, nì:	 property, treasure, valuables, assets; hing; a matter; somehing; used as a prefix to form
concrete nouns (self + to mete out to) [GAR archaic frequency:	 409].
sañ, sa12:	 head; point; leader; present, gift; slave; human, individual (sá, 'to equal'; sa4, 'to name', +
ñe26, ñá, myself) [SAG archaic frequency:	 420].
adj., first, first-class, prime.
prep., in front.
sañ2/3:	 to scatter; scattered (to multiply; to spread + to mete out).
sañ5:	 (cf., zàg).
saña11, sañ11, siñ18[KIN]:	 to cut, break, harvest.
šaña, še29, heš5[LÚ×KÁR, LÚ-KÁR]:	 captive (tied up wih a rope éše; cf., lú-éše).
šeñ3,7, še7:	 rain; to rain (šu, 'to pour' + to mete out).
šeñ6, še6:	 to heat, cook, bake, boil; to be hot; to dry a field (redup. class) (ša, 'to dry up' + to mete out).
zàñ:	 (cf., zàg).
dah, tah:	 n., substitute, replacement [DAH archaic frequency:	 21].
v., to add; to multiply; to repeat; to say furher; to help (motion into numerousness).29
dih(2):	 to sting; sting, barb, point; sickness, fever; torpidity (?) (cf., ti) (motion + cry of pain + insect).
duh, du8:	 n., residue, by-product; bran (motion + plant, grass + numerous times) [DU8 archaic frequency:	 29;
concatenates 3 sign variants].
v., to crack, loosen, open; to untie; to adorn, clohe (reduplicated); to spread; to caulk a boat (wih pitch); to
gouge (eyes); to bake bread/bricks; to prepare he hreshing floor; to remit (a debt).
adj., free.
lah, àh[UD]; uh:	 to dry up; to dry out; to sparkle, shine (cf., luh, làh).
adj., dry.
lah4,5:	 to bring (plural); to drive off; to plunder, capture, take away; to fling (away) (plural form, cf., de6,
tumu
2,3) (íla, 'to bring', + há, 'numerous').
luh, làh:	 to be clean, fresh; to clean; to wash; to sweep (la, 'youhful freshness', + he, 'to mix').
mah:	 v., to be or make large (ama, 'moher of', + numerous) [MAh archaic frequency:	 6; concatenates 2 sign variants].
adj., high, exalted, great, lofty, foremost, sublime.
máh[AL]:	 an adjective for cows (as opposed to ñiš for bulls).
pah[LUL]:	 leg.
suh(2,3,5):	 n., confusion, disorder; encircling wall (cf., ñišù-suh5) (ussu, 'eight', + numerous, cf. he
ancillary meanings of imin, 'seven' - as more han seven, eight is confusing) [SUh3 archaic frequency:	 4].
v., to uproot, displace; to relocate, transfer; to become confused.
adj., carefully chosen.
suh4:	 reed matting (fine, narrow + plant + numerous).
šah(2):	 domestic pig (grain + water + numerous (offspring) - pigs efficiently turn feed into food) [ŠAH2
archaic frequency:	 39; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
zah:	 to be calm, tranquil; a mark or impression, esp. on he liver.
zah2,3:	 n., secrecy.
v., to flee; to hide; to abandon; to be lost; to perish (describes workers/slaves who have fled state control)
(derives from zag, 'boundary, border, district', just as húb relates to gùb).
zeh[SAL.ÁŠ.GÀR]:	 female goat-kid (ùz, 'goat', + numerous, abundant).
zuh[ZÚ]:	 to steal, rob (zú, 'teeh' + numerous).
kak:	 (cf., gag).
siki, síg:	 hair (of head, beard, body); wool; fur, hide (si, 'long, hin hings', + ku10, 'black' ? or kul,
'hick, heavy' ?) [SIG2 archaic frequency:	 224; concatenates 12 sign variants].
suku
5:	 (cf., súkud).
šika:	 potsherd; shell; rind (hand, portion + mouh).
šuku, šug:	 allotted food portion, ration, provision; allotted field plot (regularly followed by rá) (šu,
'portion', + kud, 'to separate').30
taka, taga, tak, tag, tà:	 to touch, handle, hold; to weave; to decorate, adorn; to
strike, hit, push; to start a fire; to fish, hunt, catch (can be reduplicated) (te, 'to approach' + aka, 'to do,
place, make') [TAG archaic frequency:	 48 ?; concatenates 7 ? sign variants].
taka4, tak4, tag4, ta6:	 to abandon; to disregard, neglect; to divorce; to leave wih a person,
entrust; to open, leave open (reduplication class - ta6-ta6 in marû) (ta, 'to, from', + ge4, 'turn from,
restore') [TAK4 archaic frequency:	 128; concatenates 2 sign variants].
tuku, tuk, dúk, tug, du12 , tu12 :	 n., creditor [KAB/TUKU archaic frequency:	 105].
v., to have, own; to marry; to acquire; to receive, get (in marû reduplicated form); to have a claim against
somebody (wih -da-); to sing, to play music (da, 'wih', + ku, 'to build; to lie down').
tuku4, tuk4, tug4:	 to tremble; to be angry (probably reduplication class) (tu15, 'wind', + ku4, 'to
enter').
bal; ba.al:	 n., hostility; enemies (cf., bala).
v., to dig up; to dig out (a ditch); to quarry; to tear down, demolish (ba, 'conjugation prefix' or 'turtle shell', +
al, 'digging stick, hoe, spade').
bala('), bal:	 n., spindle; bar; turn; term of office; rotating fund; annual contribution to he state
[BALA archaic frequency:	 19; concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to revolve; to revolt; to transgress; to change; to transfer, deliver (to someone:	 dative); to cross over; to
pass hrough; to pour (as a libation; wih -ta-); to turn around, go back (bala-e in marû) (ba,
'share', + íla, 'to carry, deliver, bring, support').
bil:	 to burn; to roast; to heat (soup) (container + to lift, be high).
bìl:	 sprout, shoot ('it rises').
bul
(4); bu(5):	 to blow; to ignite, kindle; to sprout (onomatopoeic).
dal:	 n., foot-race.
v., to fly (towards somehing, wih -ši-; out of, wih -ta- or -ra-); to remove; to be far away; to chase
(da,'to hold, be near', + ul,'remote, distant' and ul4,'to hasten').
dalla:	 n., beam, ray (cf., dálla, 'needle' when made wih a bright metal).
v., to be or make bright; to shine.
adj., conspicuous; excellent.
dálla, dála:	 needle (da, 'to hold', + lá, 'to pierce').
dél:	 (cf., dílim).
dellu:	 mast.
dili, dil:	 one; single; only; alone; unique.
dul
(3,4,5); dal:	 n., protection.
v., to cover; to clohe; to protect; to hide (he object covered often takes he locative case) (verb can be
reduplicated as in du6-ul-du6-ul-e) (to protect + ornament).
dul
(6), du6:	 mound, heap; sanctuary; ruins, 'tell'; cleft, cave (redup. in plural) (cf. compound sign verb,
du
6-ul) (dù, 'to build, erect', + ul, 'ancient, enduring') [DU6 archaic frequency:	 37; concatenates 3 sign variants].
gal, ñal:	 n., a large cup; chief; eldest son.31
adj., big, large; mighty; great (chamber + abundant, numerous) [GAL archaic frequency:	 1004; concatenation of 2
sign variants].
gala[ÑÌŠ.DÚR]:	 cantor, ritual singer, lamentation priest; transvestite (hroat + la, 'youhful
freshness and beauty').
gal4(-la), gála:	 vagina, vulva, female genitalia (hroat-like chamber + lá, 'to penetrate, pierce').
gala3,4,5:	 (cf., kala3,4,5).
galla, gullax:	 police chief (?); a demon (cf., gal5-lá).
gil:	 (cf., gilim).
gul:	 v., to destroy, demolish (as preparation for rebuilding); to be destroyed; to obstruct; to extinguish; to
cease; to fall upon (wih -ši-); to wreck to pieces, to destroy utterly (wih -ta-) (reduplication class)
(gu7, 'to consume' + ul, 'ancient, enduring') [GUL archaic frequency:	 24].
adj., evil; enormous.
gùl, gal5:	 to overwhelm.
ñala7, ñál; ñá:	 to be (somewhere); to be available; to place, put (wih -ni- or bi-); to place
into (wih -ši-); to be wih someone (wih -da-); to have on one's person (wih -da-); to be
possible (wih -da-); to take an oah; to dwell (ñá, 'storage basket' + íla, 'to be high').
ñèle:	 (cf., míli).
hal:	 n., crotch, upper high;secret; divination expert; portion, share (cf., ha-la and pap-hal(-
la)) (loans from Akkadian hallu I and pahallu; cf., Orel & Stolbova #1928, *pahal- "leg, high" and
#1929, *pahal- "break hrough, split") [hAL archaic frequency:	 53].
v., to stream, run; to divide; to deal out, distribute (hal-ha in marû).
hul(3):	 n., evil (vermin + abundant, numerous) [hUL archaic frequency:	 1].
v., to destroy; to ruin; to harm.
adj., bad, evil; hated; hostile, malicious.
húl:	 n., joy (hé, 'let here be' + ul, 'joy, pleasure').
v., to be happy; to rejoice over (usually wih -da-, but also -ši-).
adj., joyous.
kal-(l):	 v., to esteem, value; to be rare; to make dear, endear; to be appreciated (cf., kalag) (ka,
'mouh' + la, 'youhful beauty, abundance') [KAL archaic frequency:	 60; concatenates 3 sign variants].
adj., excellent; precious, valuable (cf., kalag).
kala
3,4,5, gala3,4,5:	 store-pit; cellar (cf., ki-lal/lá, 'cellar granary, silo' wih vowel harmony).
kul:	 heavy; hick; sexually mature; to bring togeher, unite (base + abundant, numerous).
lal, lá:	 v., to be high; to hold; to lift; to carry; to hang (from) (wih -ta-); to weigh; to pay; to deduce;
to strap, harness (wih -ši-); to dress oneself; to place, set; to bind (a reed pillar); to stretch, extend,
reach; to load; to lessen, be few, diminish; to accuse, denounce; to fall back, retreat (cf. also, lá)
(reduplicated íla, 'to carry, support') [LA2 archaic frequency:	 57].
adj., light, deficient; minus (cf. also, lá).32
(ú)lál:	 n., noose, lasso.
v., to hang, suspend; to bind; to silence [LAL2 archaic frequency:	 27; concatenates 2 sign variants].
làl:	 honey; date-syrup (reduplicated la, 'luxury, bliss') [LAL3 archaic frequency:	 14; concatenates 3 sign variants].
la(l)'u(2,3,4,5,6,7):	 debt, owed amount (cf., lá-ìa[NI], 'arrears').
lalla:	 shortage, deficiency (reduplicated lal/lá, 'light, deficient').
lil:	 fool, moron (lallation word = unintelligible baby talk; or lal/lá, 'deficiency', + íla, 'to carry').
líl:	 n., wind; breah; infection; spirit (of a place); back or open country (reduplicated li, 'cedar scent' ?) [?
KID archaic frequency:	 76; concatenates 5 sign variants].
v., to infect.
lul, lu5:	 n., liar; lie; malicious act.
v., to lie, deceive (reduplicated lù, 'to trouble, disturb').
adj., false; treacherous; malicious.
mèl:	 'scorching' = heartburn (?).
méli, míli, mél, ñèle, ñìli[KA×LI]; mèl:	 hroat, pharynx; voice (me,'to
say, tell' + ?; cf., mu7[KA×LI]; cf., Semitic root which manifests in Akkadian as qâlu, 'be silent', but which
means 'voice' in Hebrew, Syriac, and Ge'ez [P.R. Bennett, Comparative Semitic Linguistics, p. 50).
milla[IŠ]:	 (cf., zíd-milla).
mul:	 n., star; constellation; planet; meteor (ñi6/mi, 'night', + ul, 'star, ornament') [MUL archaic frequency:	 6].
v., to (let) sparkle, shine, glow.
mùl:	 a destructive insect; caterpillar (mù,'to mill, grind', + ul, 'flower, bud').
pala(2,3):	 vestments, clohing (of gods and rulers) (cf., pa-pah, 'inner sanctum', and lal/lá, 'to drape'
as in túg-níñ-lal).
pil(2):	 to be/make obscure; to be/make dirty, defiled, disgraced (could refer to soot from bil,'to burn').
sal, šal:	 n., uterus; vulva (narrow + numerous) [SAL archaic frequency:	 435].
v., to be narrow, hin, wide, spacious; to spread; to persist; to belittle.
sil:	 to praise; to recline (in preparation for he love-making implied by sil5,6).
sil
5,6:	 pleasure, joy, bliss (si,'to stand up like a horn', and si,'to fill', + ul, 'joy, pleasure').
sila, sil; síl, zil; si-il:	 to cut into; to divide (si, 'long and narrow', + lá, 'to
penetrate, pierce').
sila
(3):	 street; pah; trail; road; market place (si, 'anyhing long and narrow', + lá, 'to extend, reach').
sìla, sìl, šál:	 measure of capacity, liter = 0.842 modern liters in he Neo-Sumerian period;
measuring pot (si14, 'a small pot', + lá, 'to weigh'; but cp. also, sal, 'uterus') [SILA3 archaic frequency:	 57;
concatenates 3 sign variants].
sila4:	 (male) lamb; bait (cf., kir11) (síg, 'hair, wool', + la, 'abundance') [SILA4 archaic frequency:	 73;
concatenates 4 sign variants].
sùl:	 (cf., sun4).33
sul4:	 (cf., sug8).
šal:	 (cf., sal).
šál:	 (cf., sìla).
šul, sul:	 n., young man; warrior; invader; a bad disease involving skin eruptions (probably Akkadian
loanword from šalaalu, 'to plunder; to deprive').
v., to hurry, hasten, speed up (cf., ul4); to rub into he skin (duplication class).
adj., strong, heroic, proud, splendid.
tal:	 large jug (sides + abundant).
tál[PI]:	 n., breadh; understanding (sides; character + abundant).
v., to be/make wide, broad; to spread, unfold (said about wings, arms).
til:	 to be ripe, complete; to pluck; to put an end to, finish; to cease, perish (iti, 'moon', + íl, 'to be high;
to shine' ?) [? ZATU-644 archaic frequency:	 65; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
tìla, tìl, ti:	 n., life (tu, 'to be born', + íla, 'to lift, carry').
v., to live; to keep alive; to survive (wih -da-); to dwell; to be halted (singular stem; cf. sig7).
til
4,5,6, tal3,4,5:	 cry, shout, scream (te; ti, 'to be frightened', + ?).
tílla:	 market place; crossroads (tìl,'to keep alive' + nominative) [TILLA2 archaic frequency:	 5].
túl:	 public fountain, well, cistern; lowland (tu5,17, 'bah', + to lift, be high, deep; cf., pú-lá, deep well).
zal[NI]:	 n., supply.
v., to be full or abundant; to flow; to continue; to pass, elapse (said about time); to spend he day; to tarry,
wait (often wih -ni-; wih -ta- in a temporal sense) (cf., zalag) (za,'monotonous repetition' +
numerous).
zil; zi; zé:	 to undress; to peel off; to pare, cut; to shell; to flay (cf., sila) (zé, 'to shear, pluck',
+ ul, 'joy, pleasure').
zíl:	 to make beautiful, pleasing; to be loving, gentle, affectionate; to caress (usually reduplicated) (cf.,
zil).
dam:	 spouse (husband or wife) (da, 'side; nearness; to hold, protect', + àm, 'to be; who') [DAM archaic
frequency:	 10].
ñišdam:	 he (curved) beam hat connects he bottom of he plow to he pole.
dim:	 n., bond, tie; rope (dam, 'spouse', modified by i, 'to sprout', hat indicates long and narrow as in si)
[DIM archaic frequency:	 52; concatenates 3 sign variants].
v., to make fast.
dím[GIM]:	 to make, fashion, create, build (dù, 'to build, make', + im, 'clay, mud').
ñišdím:	 post (cf., dim).
dìm:	 n., sickness demon; pole of a water lift.
adj., weak (di4, 'small', + àm, 'to be' ?).
dim
4:	 n., begging; tendril, clinging vine (cf., dim).34
v., to approach; to bow; to beg.
adj., subservient (di4, 'small', + àm, 'to be' ?).
dima, dimmu:	 news, information; intention, decision (loan from Akk. t.eemum).
dumu:	 child; son; daughter (dú,'to bear, give birh', + mú,'to sprout, grow'; probably pronounced domu).
gam:	 n., decline, incline; deah; deph (cf., gúr).
v., to bend, curve; to bow down, kneel (for someone:	 dative; direction:	 terminative); to shrivel; to succumb
(like a circle + to be).
gàm:	 n., sickle; handle (like a circle + to be).
v., to shine, glitter (like a crown, aga(3), + to be).
géme, ñéme(?):	 woman; workwoman; maid; slave-girl (ñeš, 'tool', + mí, 'woman').
gim, kim, gin7:	 prep., equative suffix; as, like; instead of; just as, during (cf., dím) (syllabic
spellings indicate boh gim and gin7; cf., Akk. kiima wih same meanings).
gim4, ím:	 n., runner(cf., kaš4).
v., to trot, run (mainly said of animals) (gi4, 'to come back' + im, 'wind').
gim7:	 (cf., kìm).
gum:	 (cf., kum).
gúm, gun5:	 to influence; to neglect, ignore (ga, 'milk' + um, 'old woman').
hum:	 to wrestle; to be passionate; to bruise, punch; to smash, break; to hresh grain; to paralyze (many +
u
(3,4,8), 'fight, dispute' + me3,6,7,9, 'battle'; cf., húb, húp, 'acrobat, ahlete').
kam
(2):	 n., grasp, grip.
v., to desire (cf., ki...áñ, 'to love').
kàm:	 n., tablet; disk (of metal or wood) (ka, 'mouh' + imi, 'clay').
v., to change; to overturn; to banish, drive out (hese verbs make me wonder if his became he Sumerian
word for a changeable wax-coated writing tablet).
kìm[BU], gim7:	 willow tree.
kum, gum:	 n., mortar (for grinding) [GUM archaic frequency:	 47; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
v., to crush, bruise (cf., hum; alternation between h and k/g like he alternation between hab, húb and gùb).
kúm:	 n., heat; summer; fever (kù, 'bright' + to be).
v., to heat.
adj., hot.
kum4 [UD]:	 an adjective describing flour [hat would be ground in a mortar, kum] and bread.
lam:	 n., abundance, luxuriance; almond tree; neherworld [LAM archaic frequency:	 47; concatenates 3 sign
variants].
v., to grow luxuriantly; to make grow luxuriantly (la, 'abundance' + to be).
láma, lám:	 an awe-inspiring quality (la, 'abundance' + me, 'function, power').35
dlamma, làma:	 a female spirit of good fortune; tutelary genius (lam, 'to make grow luxuriantly', + a,
nominative suffix).
lima, limi, lim:	 housand (four hundred greater han ñéš×u, 'six hundred').
limmu
(2,4,5), lím:	 four (cp., lam).
lum:	 n., fertilizer, manure; cloud [LUM archaic frequency:	 23].
v., to be satiated, full; to soften, soak; to grow luxuriantly; to be fertile, productive; to make productive; to
bear fruit (abundance + grass, plant + to be, behave).
lùm[DUG]:	 a small drinking pot.
nam:	 (area of) responsibility; destiny, fate, lot, sign; office; governor; province; manner, way; used mainly
as a prefix to form abstract or collective nouns, such as nam-lugal, 'kingship' or nam-mah,
'greatness' (n, 'precise essence', + àm, enclitic copula, 'to be') [NAM archaic frequency:	 30; concatenation of 4
sign variants].
nám[TÚG]:	 planning ability; destiny; prince, noble (time; high + to be) [NAM2 archaic frequency:	 375].
nim, num:	 n., prince; flying insect; highland; east; morning (high + to be) [NIM archaic frequency:	 109;
concatenation of 4 sign variants].
v., to be high; to multiply in arihmetic.
adj., high; early.
adv., above.
rim
4:	 (cf., kaš4).
sám, šám, sa10:	 n., equivalent; (barter) purchase; sale price; merchandise (Akk. loanword from
šâmu(m), 'to buy, purchase', cf., Orel & Stolbova #2281 *su'um- 'sell, buy') [ŠAM2 archaic frequency:	 51].
v., to buy (wih -ši-); to sell (wih -ra-, ablative) (sa10-sa10 in marû).
sim, sín[NAM]:	 to strain, filter; to sift (flour); to see hrough (fine, narrow + to be).
sim, sínmušen:	 swallow (Akkadian sinuntu).
sum, šúm, sím, sì:	 to give, lend (wih dative) (sum-mu in marû) (cf., sám) [SUM archaic
frequency:	 43; concatenates 2 sign variants].
sum4:	 (cf., sun4).
šim, šem; ším[NAM], sim:	 n., herb; aromatic wood; resin; spice; fragrance, perfume (see
comments on šúm; sam is 'spice' in Hebrew; cf., ir-si-im) [ŠIM archaic frequency:	 50; concatenates 2 sign
variants].
adj., fragrant.
šem
3,5
(zabar)
:	 tambourine (halhallatu drum in Akkadian) (many + me, 'functions').
šum:	 n., saw; sickle wih serrated edge (ša5, 'to cut, break' + eme, 'tongue, utensil' ?; cf., šag5, 'to slaughter')
[? TAG archaic frequency:	 48 ?; concatenates 7 ? sign variants].
v., to slaughter, butcher.
šúm, sum:	 garlic; onion (Akkadian loanword from šuumu , 'garlic', related to šammu, 'plant, drug,
medicine', Orel & Stolbova 2185, sam-, 'poison').36
šum4:	 (cf., suñin).
tam, ta(5), tú:	 polished; shiny; reflective; pure; reliable (tu5,17, 'to wash, bahe', + àm, 'to be').
tum:	 work, action; crossbeam; arrow quiver [TUM archaic frequency:	 48; concatenates 4 sign variants].
tuma:	 to break wind, emit flatus (tu15, 'wind', + ma4, 'to leave, depart, go out').
tumu, tum9, tu15:	 wind; cardinal point, direction (ta, 'from', + mú, 'to blow').
tumu
2,3, tum2,3, tu2,3:	 to bring; to carry away; to obtain; to be suitable, fit; to prepare (marû
singular; cf., de6, lah4) (in marû plural, tùm-tùm[-mu] or túm-túm-mu) (ta, 'from', + ú,
'food', + ma4, 'to leave').
tumu4, tum4[NIM]:	 to carry (ta, 'from', + ú, 'food', + ma4, 'to leave').
tum12mušen, tumušen:	 bird of he pigeon and dove family (cf., tum2,3, 'to bring, carry', and he term "carrier
pigeon" for a homing pigeon).
zum:	 to leak, seep, overflow (repetitive motion + closed container; cf., zal, 'to flow', and zar, zur4, 'to
spout, flow').
ban:	 (cf., pana).
bán:	 vessel; a measure of capacity or volume = 10 liters (sìla) in he Ur III period; = 6 liters at
Presargonic Girsu (cf., banda2,4,5) (ba, 'portion, rations', + na, 'human being').
bàn:	 (cf., bànda).
bun
(2), bu(7):	 n., lamp, light; blister; bag-type of bellows; rebellion (hollow container + nu11, 'lamp' ?).
v., to be swollen; to blow; to shine brightly (cf., bul, 'to blow; to ignite').
din:	 (cf., tin).
dun:	 n., ward, pupil, subordinate.
dun, du24; tun, tu10; tu11:	 v., to heap, pile up; to scrape, dig (a field, furrow, hole); to strike,
smite; to open (to move + to raise high; cf., dul(6)).
dùn:	 (cf., sug5).
dun
(4):	 n., warp (hreads on he frame of a weaving loom).
v., to lay a warp (onto a weaving loom) (to move + to raise high).
dun
5, du9[BÚR]:	 v., to churn butter; to sway, stagger; to complain (redup. class) (see instead sun5
if he sign is used as an adjective) (to move + to raise high).
gana, gan, kan:	 n., stand, rack, support; pestle, grinding stone (circular + to raise high) [GAN
archaic frequency:	 125; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
v., to bring forh, bear.
gána, gán:	 tract of land, field parcel; (flat) surface, plane; measure of surface; shape, outline; cultivation
(cf., iku) (cf., Orel & Stolbova #890, *gan- "field") [GAN2 archaic frequency:	 209].
genna, gena, ginna, gina[TUR+DIŠ]:	 constant; regular; small; he planet Saturn
(possible loan from Akk. kajjamaanu, kajjaanu, and kaanu 'constant'; cf., gi(n), ge(n) and ñin, ñen).
gín, giñ4:	 small ax(-head) used as money; shekel (of silver) = ca. 8.333 grams; a surface area measure,
1/60 square nindan (sar) = 180 surface še = 2160 (=36,0) square fingers; a volume measure, = 0.337
cubic meters (Akk. kiinu 'true measure', cf., Orel & Stolbova #1459, *kin- "count") [TUN3 archaic frequency:	
96; concatenates 3 sign variants].
gìn:	 lapis lazuli (igi, 'eye', + na4, 'pebble, stone', but cf., gùnu, 'decorated wih colors, lines, spots').
gin7:	 (his is sometimes he preferred form, but cf., gim).
gun[GÚ-UN]; gún, gú:	 back of a man's neck = load, burden = a talent in weight = 30 +/- 2 kg.;
tribute (gú, 'neck; nape' + ùña, un, 'people'; cf., gú).
gún, gú:	 land, region, district (gú, 'edge' + ùña, un, 'people, population').
gùnu, gùn:	 n., dot, spot (circle + discrete point; cf., ugun) [GUN3 archaic frequency:	 23; concatenation of 2
sign variants].
v., to decorate wih colors, lines, spots; to sparkle; to put on antimony paste makeup.
adj., dappled; striped; speckled, spotted; spangled; variegated, multicolored; embellished, decorated;
brilliant.
gun5:	 (cf., gúm).
ñin, ñen:	 n., steadiness, reliability, constancy (to be + at a distinct point).
v., to go; to send; to come (wih dative or -ši-) (sing. hamtu, cf., du, re7, súb) (Akk. gana 'come!', cf.,
Orel & Stolbova #892, *gan-/*gin- "go").
adj., ordinary; firm, solid.
hun:	 (cf., huñ).
kana
3,5, kan3,5:	 n., apprehension, worry; affliction, trouble (ka, 'mouh' + ní; ne4, 'fear').
v., to be troubled.
urudu
KIN:	 (cf., gur10,14; ur4).
kin:	 (cf., kíñ).
na4kín[hAR]:	 hand mill (saddle quern for grinding); millstone (base/ground + stone) [KIN2 archaic
frequency:	 11; concatenates 4 sign variants].
kun:	 tail; reservoir, storage basin, outlet (of a canal); grasp (base/seat + high) [KUN archaic frequency:	 2].
(ñiš)kun
4,5:	 ladder; stairs, staircase; hreshold, slab, doorsill (base/ground + high).
mana, mìna, man, mìn, men5:	 partner; companion; equal; two (cf., mina, 'two').
men
(4):	 crown, tiara (metaphor of divine en-ship) (me, 'function, office' + en, 'lord') [MEN archaic frequency:	 48;
concatenation of 2 sign variants].
mén:	 boh; alike (cf., mana).
men
2,3:	 I, myself (cf., me-en).
min
(3,5,6):	 (cf., mina and mana).
mina, min(5,6):	 two; second (mí, 'woman', + na, 'distinct hings', because a woman has two breasts).
munu
(3), mun:	 salt [MUN archaic frequency:	 24 ?; concatenates 5 ? sign variants; MUNU3 archaic frequency:	 15].
múnu:	 a caustic salt (mú, 'to make grow', + nu11, 'fire'; saltpeter is he oxygenating ingredient in gunpowder).38
munu
4,6:	 malt - soaked and germinated grain for use in brewing (mù, 'to mill', + nud, 'to lie down, sleep').
munu
x, mun4 [ŠEŠ]:	 alkaline, brackish.
nin:	 queen, mistress, proprietress, lady; lord (reduplicated ní, 'fear; respect; frightfulness; awe') [NIN archaic
frequency:	 75].
nin
9:	 sister (reduplicated ní, 'self; body; one's own').
mušennínna:	 nocturnal bird - owl (nin, 'fearsome lady', + a, nominative suffix; he predatory owl wih its
human-like face probably gave rise to he demon Lilih myh; cf., dnin-nínnamušen).
ninnu, ninu:	 fifty (nimin/nin5, 'forty', + hà/u, 'ten',).
ninni
5:	 a rush used in basketry; bulrush (reduplicated nin or nin9, where reeds and rushes were seen as
belonging to a young woman goddess similar to he grain goddess Nisaba).
nun:	 n., prince, noble, master (ní, 'fear; respect',+ un, 'people' ?) [NUN archaic frequency:	 652; concatenation of 4
sign variants].
v., to rise up (n, 'to be high',+ u5, 'to mount; be on top of; raised high').
adj., great, noble, fine, deep.
pana, pan, ban:	 bow (pa, 'branch', + na4, 'pebble, stone') [BAN archaic frequency:	 27; concatenates 2 ?
sign variants].
rín[ERIM]:	 to be/make bright (reduplication class); to attach, join, hitch (cf., érin, rín) (ara4;
ar; rà, 'bright', + to be high).
sín:	 (cf., sim).
sun:	 (cf., suñin).
sún:	 aurochs cow, wild cow; beerwort (su, 'to fill, be sufficient',+ un, 'people').
sun4, sum4, sùl, su6:	 chin; lower lip; beard (cf., si, 'long, hin hings', and tùn, 'lip') [SU6 archaic
frequency:	 1; BU3 archaic frequency:	 21].
sun
5[BÚR], su16:	 n., modesty.
v., to enter (plural ?; cf., kur9).
adj., humble; wih bowed head; dominated (su9, 'to mourn, grieve' + ní, 'fear; respect').
sun
7[KAL]:	 quarrel, discord.
šen[SU×A]:	 n., a copper pan, pail, vessel; mirror (?) (liquid + stone) [ŠEN archaic frequency:	 66; concatenates
4 sign variants].
adj., clear, pure; polished, shiny.
šén:	 verdigris.
šún[MUL]:	 n., star.
v., to shine brightly.
tán[MEN]:	 to become clean, clear, light, free (ta, 'nature, character' + an, 'sky, heaven').
ten; te-en:	 n., cold, coolness (te, 'to approach, near' + en, 'time' referring to shorter days ?).
v., to trample, extinguish; to soften, allay; to cool (te-en-te in marû).39
tin:	 n., life; wine [TIN archaic frequency:	 93].
v., to cure; to be healhy; to live.
tun
(3), tu10:	 to constrict; to defeat; to massacre; to break up, smash (cf., dun).
tùn[GÍN]:	 n., pocket, pouch, case; wrap, bandage; stomach; lip (te, 'cheeks' + nu, 'likeness') [SUG5
archaic frequency:	 67].
adj., intact, bound.
pap:	 (cf., pab; pa4).
rap:	 (cf., (ñiš)rab).
sipa:	 (cf., sipad).
bar:	 n., (out)side; soul, innards; fleece [BAR archaic frequency:	 306].
v., to open; to uncover, expose; to see; to remove; to be absent; to release; to peel, pare, shell; to select; to
divide; to split; to distribute; to keep away (wih -ta-) (container plus to expel, remove as in ri).
adj., foreign.
prep., because of.
bár:	 (cf., barag).
bar
6,7:	 v., to shine, be bright; to break (of he day) (cf., bar, 'to expose', which refers here to he sun; and
cf., ara4, 'to shine; to blaze').
adj., white.
bára:	 (cf., barag).
bàra, pàra, bàr, pàr[DAG]; para4, par4[KISAL]:	 to stretch or spread out;
to pass over; to be stretched or spread out (cf., bárag) (interchanges wih búru) (ba, 'to apportion,
divide', + ra(-g/h), 'to overflow'; cf. compound word, ba-ra(-g)) [BARA3 archaic frequency:	 13].
bara4[BAD]:	 to spread out, open wide; released; separated.
bara
5,6:	 (cf., barag).
bir:	 to scatter, mix; to wreck; to murder (ba, 'to divide', + ir10, re7, 'to stir, mix') [BIR archaic frequency:	 9;
concatenation of 3 sign variants].
bir
(2,4):	 n., mistiness (of he eyes) (ba, 'inanimate conjugation prefix', + ér, ír, 'to weep' and ur5, 'to smell',
wih possibly a hidden meaning of 'to dry' for Vr or ara4 as also seen in dúr).
v., to sniff, wrinkle one's nose; to dry up, shrivel up.
adj., flaccid, shriveled up (said of a penis).
bìr[ERIM]:	 team (of donkeys/animals) (ba, 'inanimate conjugation prefix', + ir10, 'to accompany, lead; to
bear; to go; to drive along or away', he plural hamtu for 'to go', cf., re7) [?? BIR3 archaic frequency:	 23;
concatenation of 3 sign variants; ZATU-143 ERIM archaic frequency:	 175; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
bir
4,5:	 locust; sparrow (cf., bìr for animals in plural numbers).
bir
6,7:	 to rip to pieces; to break (cf., bir for similar semantics).
bir
9[NE]:	 to blaze, flame up (cf., bar6,7 for similar semantics).40
bur:	 meal, repast; stone bowl, pot (cf., búru) (ba, 'portion, rations, open container', + úr, 'lap, highs,
legs') [BUR archaic frequency:	 51; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
búru, bur(2):	 n., burin; hread [BUR2 archaic frequency:	 45].
v., to open, release, loosen; to spread out (a garment); to dissolve; to interpret (a dream); to dispose of; to
pay (wih -ta); to knap, flake off (flint); to tear out; to despoil (reduplication class; cf., bar,
bur12) (cf., bar and bàra for similar semantics).
bùr:	 a square surface measure = 6.48 hectares = 18 iku = 3 area éše = 1800 sar = he amount of land
hat supported a family (also cf., bùru) (from Akkadian buuru IV, "hunger", but cf., bii/eeru IV,
"space, distance").
bùru(-d), bùr:	 n., opening; receptacle; hole; mine; deph (Akk. buuru 'cistern, well', cf., Orel &
Stolbova #164, *ba'Vr-/*bu'Vr- "well, pit"; could also be Sumerian from, ub4, 'cavity, hole', + úr, 'floor' -
he u vowel especially correlates wih round objects or openings).
v., to receive; to bore hrough, pierce; to break into (a house).
buru
4,5
mušen
:	 raven ?, crow ?; sparrow ?; locust, grasshopper (cf., bìr for animals in plural numbers, bir
for destructive wreckers, and bur12, bu(3,6) + nominative for anyhing hat harvests or destroys plants).
buru
7[GURUN]:	 fruit tree; fruit; berry [rare word].
buru
8:	 to vomit (Akk. arû IV, parû III, 'to vomit', cf., Orel & Stolbova #120, *'or- "vomit").
bur12, bu(3,6):	 to tear, cut off; to pull, draw; to be drawn; to tear out, uproot; to remove, keep away (ba,
'to divide' + úr, 'base, root') [BU archaic frequency:	 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
buru14, bur14:	 harvest; hot season, harvest time (bur12, 'to tear, cut off', + eiher ú, 'plant' or a,
nominative suffix wih vowel harmony).
dar:	 n., francolin, pheasant [DAR archaic frequency:	 36; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
v., to slice, split; to shatter (reduplication class) (da, 'sides', + ur4, 'to shear, reap').
dára, dár:	 n., belt, sash (compare dur, 'bond, tie').
v., to bind, pack.
dàra, dàr:	 (cf., durah).
dara4, dar4:	 dark, dim; high (compare dirig, 'to be darkened; to go over') [DARA4 archaic frequency:	 81;
concatenation of 9 sign variants].
diri, dir:	 (cf., dirig).
dur:	 bond; string, hread; strap, tie; amulet chain, necklace; umbilical cord (da, 'arm, side', + ur, 'to
surround') [DUR archaic frequency:	 58; concatenates 2 sign variants].
dúru, dúr:	 (cf., duruna).
(anše)dùr(ùr):	 he-ass; donkey foal (pack animal - cf., dur, 'strap').
duru
5, dur5[A]:	 irrigated; moist; fresh; supple (dé, 'to water' + ru5, 'to send forh shoots'; cf., a-dé,
'fresh').
(anše)dur
9[ŠUL]:	 donkey stallion (usually written du24-ùr or dur9(ùr)) (cf., anšedùr(ùr)).
dur
10:	 ax (compare dar, 'to slice, split').
gar:	 (cf., ñar).41
gàr, kàr:	 knob, pommel; hair lock on he back of he head (sign of a slave); cake; filled sack (of silver
?) = purse; used for round and high objects ('circular' + 'to send forh; to protect').
gar4[GUD/GUÐ]:	 early (he 'bull of he sun', Mercury, can only be seen right before sunrise; cf., gu4-
ud).
gara2,9,10, gar2,9,10,11,12:	 hick milk, cream; cheese (cf., ga-àr-ra) [GARA2 archaic frequency:	 106;
concatenation of 2 sign variants].
gir, kir:	 cow or mare of intermediate age; a fish, possibly a carangid (ki,'place', + ir(2), 'fluid
secretion') [GIR archaic frequency:	 28; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
gir4, kir13:	 kiln (for lime or bitumen); oven (cf., udun) (ki,'place', + ara4, 'to shine, blaze') [GIR4
archaic frequency:	 1].
gir5:	 (cf., ñiri5).
gir10, gi9, ge9[NE]:	 anger, fury (compare bir9).
giri11, gir11[KEŠDA]:	 to be tidy, neat (cf., hir) (gi4,'to restore', + ri, 'to sweep away').
gir15, gi7 [KU]:	 noble; domestic, civilized; belonging to he native in-group (circle + city) [ŠE3 archaic
frequency:	 152].
giri17:	 (cf., kìri).
gur, kùr:	 n., reed basket; measure of capacity - Biblical kor (= 300 sìla in Old Akkadian and NeoSumerian periods; = 144 sìla in Old Sumerian Girsu/Lagash; in admin. texts = 2 bariga) [? GUR
archaic frequency:	 14] (circle + to reap; to send).
v., to make a circular motion; to come back; to return; to give back; to protest, contradict; to reject evidence
(in a legal case); to turn away from (object has ablative -ta); to wipe off.
gúr:	 n., sphere; circle, ring; loop; hoop (circle + ur, 'to surround').
v., to bow down, submit; to curb, subdue; to die (cf., gam).
gùr, ga6:	 to bear, carry; to be full, loaded, laden (Umma reading for íla sign, cf., mir) (circular
container + er, 'to bring'; cf., gur, kùr, 'basket').
gur(4), kur4, gir8:	 v., to be or feel big; to be endowed wih; to turn, roll over; to run; to gallop; to
grind (reduplication class) (circle + flowing motion).
adj., hick, coarse; fattened, plump; bright, preeminent; very strong; great (cf., gud, guðx, 'bull').
guru5, gur5, kur12:	 n., fangs.
v., to separate, divide; to cut, pull (weeds) (gú, 'neck; nape' + ra, 'to strike'; cf., kud, kur5; and gú-
gur5...dug4/du11/e).
guru6:	 (cf., kára).
guru7, gur7, kara6:	 grain heap; granary, silo; a capacity measure, ca. 909 liters (cf., gur, 'basket').
guru8, gur8 [TU]:	 high; deep.
(urudu)
gur10,14; ur4:	 n., copper sickle (semi-circle + flowing motion).
v., to reap, harvest; to pluck; to shear (sheep); to gaher in; to catch (in a net); to gaher togeher; to join in
assent (probably reduplication class) (cf., saña11[KIN]).
ñar:	 n., storeroom; form, appearance (to be + to send) [GAR archaic frequency:	 409].42
v., to store, accumulate; to deliver, deposit; to put, place, set down upon; to make, establish, restore (wih -
ši-); to remove and set elsewhere (wih -ta-); to expel (wih -da-) (ñá-ñá in marû).
ñíri, ñír:	 n., knife, dagger, sword; horn; scorpion; lightning flash; road; expedition, trip (ñiš, 'tool', +
ra, 'to strike, stab, slay' wih vowel harmony) [GIR2 archaic frequency:	 114].
v., to stab; to fulgurate, lighten, flash.
ñìri, ñìr:	 n., foot, feet; step; way, pah (ñiš, 'tool', + uru9, 'support'; úr, 'leg(s)'; cf., ñidri and ñušur
for similar and different phonetic developments).
prep., via.
ñiri2,3, ñir2,3:	 n., booty; captive (additional associations of 'road' and 'sword').
v., to pillage; to capture; to drive away; to take away; to be taken.
ñiri5, ñir5[KAŠ4]:	 n., refugee, stranger.
v., to run, trot; to seek refuge.
ñiri16, ñir16 [ÑÌR×KÁR]:	 fortress, refuge.
har, àr, ur5:	 n., millstone; ring; link (in a chain); coil or spiral of silver or oher precious metal hat
can be worn as a ring or bracelet and was used as money (cf., kín, kikkin, hara,
ara
3,5, ur5) (many small explosions + sliding motion) [UR5 archaic frequency:	 34; concatenation of 2 sign
variants].
v., to chew.
adj., small; young.
hara, ara3,5:	 n., miller (reduplicated har/àr, 'millstone').
v., to pulverize (in a mortar); to destroy; to make groats.
adj., ground, milled, crushed, pulverized.
hara5:	 spout; vessel wih a large spout (ha, precative prefix, + ra, 'to branch out from he side of').
hir[KEŠDA]:	 n., produce, yield (abundance + to go out + to flow).
v., to squeeze, tighten (cf., giri11).
hur, ur5[hAR]:	 n., hole; limb, stem, handle (hù, ten, + ra, 'to impress into clay', where a round hole
was he symbol for 10).
v., to scratch, draw, sketch, inscribe, outline; to grind; to dig (many small explosive sounds + ùr, 'to drag').
kar:	 n., embankment; quay-wall; mooring-place; harbor; marketplace; port auhority (place + water + to
flow, send, take, drive away; cf., kur9, 'entrance') [KAR archaic frequency:	 7].
v., to take away; to steal; to raid, capture, pillage; to escape, run away; to avoid.
kára, kár, guru6:	 to encircle, besiege; to impute, accuse; to shine, illuminate; to be bright (of
light, day) (reduplication class) (sometimes written for kúr) (place + ur, 'to surround' + a, nominative
ending, and ara4, 'to shine') [? KAR2 archaic frequency:	 68; concatenates 2 sign variants].
kàr:	 (cf., gàr).
kir:	 (cf., gir).
kír:	 a large vessel; beer keg (ki,'place', + ir(2), 'fluid secretion'; cf., gir, kir, 'cow or mare').43
kìr[LAGAB]:	 to nip off (clay) (ki, 'earh', + ur4, 'to shear, reap'; cf., kud, kur5; and kid2,7, 'to pinch
off').
kiri
3,4, kir4, giri17:	 nose; muzzle (of an animal); hyena (cf., kir6,4) (ki, 'place', + ir, 'smell').
kir
6,4:	 stream dam, weir (cf. also, kiri3,4) (ki,'place', + ir(2), 'fluid secretion'/ra, 'to flood').
ñiškiri
6:	 orchard, garden, palm grove (ki, 'place', + ru5, 'to send forh shoots, buds, or blossoms').
kir
11[MÍ.SILA4]:	 female lamb [KIR11 archaic frequency:	 3].
kir
13:	 (cf., gir4).
kur:	 n., mountain; highland; (foreign) land; he neherworld (ki,'place', + ùr, 'roof, mountain pass'/ úr, 'root,
base') [KUR archaic frequency:	 145; concatenates 3 sign variants].
v., to reach, attain; to kindle; to rise (sun).
kúr[PAB]:	 n., stranger; enemy; hostility (from kur,'mountains, foreign land').
v., to be different; to change; to break a seal (often wih -da-) (kúr-re in marû).
adj., strange, alien; hostile; in he future.
kùr:	 (cf., gur).
kur4:	 (cf., gur4).
kuru
5, kur5:	 (cf., kud).
kur
6:	 (cf., kurum6).
kuru
7, kur7:	 (cf., kurum7).
kur
9, ku4:	 n., entrance (ki,'place', + ùr, 'entrance').
v., to enter; to bring; to deliver (-ni- specifies delivery location); to enter before someone (wih dative
prefix); to let enter (wih -ni-); enter into he presence of (wih -ši-); to turn round, turn into, transform
(wih -da-) (singular [?] reduplication class stem; cf., sun5).
liru, liri:	 (cf., lirum).
(ñiš/urudu)mar, ñar7:	 n., wagon; winnowing shovel; spoon (ma(3); ñá,'to go', + flowing motion; Akk.
marru "shovel; spade"; Orel & Stolbova #1738 *mar- 'hoe') [MAR archaic frequency:	 117; concatenates 2 sign
variants].
v., to sow, scatter; to coat, apply; to don; to immerse; to enclose, lock up.
mar; mur:	 worm; earhworm.
mer
(2), mir(2); gùr:	 n., storm wind; violent storm; norh(wind); anger; belt, waistband; an
encircling snake (var. of gùr) (me3,6,7,9,'battle', + to flow / circle + ur, 'to surround') [MER archaic
frequency:	 48; concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to blow fiercely; to get angry.
adj., fierce, angry, furious.
mur, ur5 [hAR]:	 n., lungs; liver; fodder for fattening; lattice, grate (mu7,'to shout'/ mud6, mú, 'to sing;
to blow' + úr, 'root, base').
v., to surround; to guard; to shout; to grind, mill.44
demonstrative, hus; so; in his way.
mur
7,8:	 (cf., murgu).
mur
10, mu4:	 to clohe; to dress oneself (reduplication class [?]) (mu10,'woman', + ur, 'to surround').
muru
5[MÍ.U4.RU6 = SAL.UD.EDIN]:	 broher-in-law (mu10,'woman', + rù, 'equal in rank').
muru
9:	 fog, mist, haze (mi,'to be dark', + to flow).
muru
x [GI.KID.MAh]:	 reed mat.
nar:	 singer; musician (loan from Akkadian naaru II, "musician", which derives from Akk. naaru I, "river" in
he same way hat Sumerian nab means boh "ocean" and "musician") [NAR archaic frequency:	 69].
nir, ner:	 n., frog; omen.
adj., proper.
nir:	 n., prince, lord [NIR archaic frequency:	 45; concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to stretch, reach, extend; to raise high; to winnow, clean grain; to overcome, vanquish (to be high + to go
out + to flow).
adj., victorious.
na4nír[ZA.GÍN]:	 a precious stone wih black and white flecks.
par3/4:	 (cf., bàra).
sar, šar:	 n., vegetable(s) [SAR archaic frequency:	 102; concatenates 3 sign variants].
v., to insert, enter; to begin; to write; to pay, deliver punctually; to disturb someone; to drive (wih -ni-); to
drive, chase away (wih -ta-); to make hurry, run (to be skilled, precise + flowing motion; for 'to drive
away', cf., ús, 'to follow, drive', but meaning probably derives from he act of chasing vermin from he
vegetable garden, cf., kar for such a progression from he noun to he verb).
adj., driven out, pursued.
sar, šar:	 a surface measure, 'garden plot' = 1 square ninda = 60 surface shekels = 1/100 iku = 4
square reeds = 144 square cubits = 36 meters2; a volume measure of one square ninda times 1 kùš
= 144 kùš3 = ca. 18 cubic meters = 1,0 gur [= 60 gur] of capacity = 1,0 gín in weight.
sár:	 (cf., šár).
sír:	 n., density.
adj., dense; weak, feverish (si; su; sa; sa5,'to be full; to grow weak', + ir(10), 'sweat').
sir
5; sur:	 (cf., zara5).
sur:	 n., a garden plant; rushes; chaff, chopped straw [? SUR archaic frequency:	 6].
v., to delimit, bound, divide (reduplication class ?)(cf., šur) (si, 'long and narrow', + ur, 'to surround'; cf.,
sila, sil; síl, zil; si-il, 'to cut into, divide').
súr:	 (cf., sumur).
sùr:	 ditch; deep furrow; drain (to fill, inundate + to flow; contrast sug, 'flood basin').
suru
5, sur5:	 to hang, suspend; to hover; to wear (cf., sur6,7).
sur
6,7:	 height; deph; foundation pit (ús, uš, 'height; foundation; to support, lift', + uru2,5,18, 'high, deep').45
sur
8:	 (cf., zar).
sur12:	 (cf., sug8).
šar:	 (cf., sar, šar).
šár, sár:	 n., totality, all; world; horizon; ball, counter, token; he number 3600 = 602 (many, much + àr,
'ring, coil').
v., to be many; to multiply or mix (wih -da-); to make abundant; to slaughter; to request, implore
(reduplication class).
adj., numerous; innumerable.
lúšár:	 a military officer = commander of 3600.
šar
8 [NI]:	 to interpret, explain.
šér, šír:	 to shine brightly (cf., sír) (Akkadian loan from šaraapu(m) , 'to burn').
šèr, šìr:	 n., decision.
v., to bind; to decide (éše, 'rope', + ur, 'to surround').
šir, sir4:	 testicles (many + to go out + to flow; cf., hir, nir, and ñiš2,3) [ŠIR archaic frequency:	 24;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
šìr[EZEN]; šur:	 n., song; lament (Orel & Stolbova #2258 *sir-/*sur 'sing').
v., to sing.
šìr:	 (cf., šèr).
šur, sur:	 to rain; to produce a liquid; to flow, drip; to extract seed oil; to process wine and juices; to
press (out); to spray out; to brew (beer); to submerge; to flash, gleam (šu, 'to pour' + to flow; cf., šeñ3,7).
šúr:	 (cf., sumur).
tar:	 v., to cut; to decide; to determine; to inquire; to smoke; to break, destroy (ta, 'from', + ur4, 'to shear,
reap'; cf., dar and nam...tar) [TAR archaic frequency:	 56; concatenates 2 sign variants].
adj., deliberate, judicious.
tir:	 forest, grove, hicket (ti, 'arrows' + ùr, 'beams, rafters'; early example of asyndetic hendiadys).
tur:	 n., child; young (of herd animals); second in rank (tu, 'to be born', + ùru, 'to watch, guard, protect')
[TUR archaic frequency:	 272].
v., to be/make small; to be insufficient; to reduce.
adj., small, little, young.
tùr; tur5:	 birh-hut; byre; sheepfold, pen; stable; a frequent metaphor for a temple, sanctuary (cf.,
tur) [TUR3 archaic frequency:	 121; concatenates 3 sign variants].
tur
5, tu:	 n., newborn; weakness; sickness.
v., to be or become sick.
adj., weak; sick.
zar, zur4, sur8:	 to tap, pour; to spout, flow; to exude; to spin (a cocoon) (cf. he graphically
similar sign, sug8) (repetitive motion + to flow) [? ZAR archaic frequency:	 15; concatenates 4 sign variants].46
(ñiš)
zar:	 wagon shaft (cf., za-ra) (Akkadian loanword from ,serru(m) II).
zàr[SUM]; zar[LAGAB×SUM]:	 sheaf, sheaves (rolled up and bound stalks and ears, cf.,
zara
5 and zar).
zara
5, zar5; sir5; sur:	 to spin, twine (yarn or hread); to roll up (repetitive motion + to flow).
zur:	 n., offering, sacrifice; prayer (repetitive activity + to flow/protect).
v., to furnish, provide; to rock (an infant); to arrange, tend; to offer; to pray.
dusu:	 transportation basket, used in working at he lower levels in excavating a canal; corvée (du, 'to walk',
+ si;su, 'to fill up').
dúsu [ANŠE.LIBIR]:	 an ass or equid used as a draft animal in front of plows and wagons (du, 'to
walk', + usu, 'strengh').
kas
7, ka9:	 deduction; settlement of accounts; possession (back-formation from níñ-kas7/ka9).
kisi:	 chamber pot (kàš, 'urine', + si14, 'a small pot').
mes, mèš:	 young man; prince; son; hackberry tree in he elm family (me, 'endowment', + usu, 'strengh';
Akkadian loanword - meesu I, 'hackberry tree'; cf., Orel & Stolbova #1766 *mi’es- 'tree') [MES archaic
frequency:	 32].
nisi, nissa:	 (cf., nisig).
sisi (ANŠE.KUR.RA):	 horse (reduplicated si, 'to stand upright').
šes:	 (cf., šeš).
diš
(2), deš:	 one (dili, 'single', + aš, 'one'; he form resembles hat of he semantically appropriate
male body part, ñiš2,3, ñeš2,3; cf., mina, min(5,6), 'two').
ñiš, ñeš:	 n., tree; wood; wooden implement; scepter; tool; organ; plow; natural phenomenon
(describes a trunk hat goes out into many branches and leaves) [GIŠ archaic frequency:	 381].
adj., describes an animal assigned to he plow (sometimes ñiš-šè).
ñiš2,3, ñeš2,3, uš:	 penis; man (self + to go out + many; cf., nitah(2) and šir) [GIŠ3 archaic frequency:	
16; concatenation of 2 sign variants; UŠ archaic frequency:	 101; concatenates 2 sign variants].
ñeš2,3,4, ñiš2,3:	 (cf., ñešta).
haš:	 (cf., haz).
háš; haš4:	 lower abdomen; loins; back; high (numerous + foundation, base).
heš5:	 (cf., šaña).
huš:	 v., to be angry (compare guz, huz).
adj., furious, terrible, awesome; wild (said of animals); fiery red (Akk. ruššû).
kaš, kás:	 beer; alcoholic beverage (ka, 'mouh', + áš, 'to desire') [KAŠ archaic frequency:	 261; concatenates
4 sign variants].
kàš:	 urine (an etymology involving še10, 'excrement', would have to be forced so much, hat he homophone
kaš, 'beer', wih its similar appearance, probably replaced he use of a, 'water', to mean 'urine' at some
point).47
kaš4, kas4:	 n., speed; runner, courier, messenger; nonresident, noncitizen, tourist (place(s) + locative +
many) [KAS4 archaic frequency:	 1].
v., to run fast; to gallop; to travel fast.
adj., quick; fluent.
kéš:	 (cf., kešda).
kiš, keš:	 totality, entire political world (name of he powerful city in he norh of Sumer hat first
bound togeher and defended he cities of Sumer) (places + many) [? KIŠ archaic frequency:	 46].
ñiškiša
(2), kiši16/17:	 (cf., kišik(2)).
kiši4:	 half; forelock (sign of a freeman; contrast gàr, kàr) (ki, 'place', + šè, 'portion').
kiši
7,8,9:	 (cf., kišib7,8,9).
kuš, kus[SU]:	 skin, hide, leaher (ku5, 'to cut', + ús, 'to be joined, next to'/šè, terminative suffix/ šú, 'to
cover').
kúš:	 to be tired; to be out of breah; to worry; to calm (kúš-(ù) in marû) (aka, 'to do, act', + úš, 'dead').
kùš:	 ell/cubit = 1/2 meter = 30 fingers [šu-si] = distance from elbow to fingertips; forearm; channel (cf.,
šu-da) (ku, 'to base, found, build', + many).
kuš
6:	 (cf., kuruš).
kuš
7:	 devastation, destruction; groom, valet, esquire, body-servant, boy (ki, 'place', + úš, 'to kill').
kušu:	 (cf., kušumx).
kúšu:	 turtle (cf., ŠIM×KÚŠU, where 'whale' must be meant) (ku6, 'fish', + šú, 'to cover') [? Uh3 archaic
frequency:	 14; concatenates 2 sign variants].
liš:	 morsel (happiness + small + šè, 'portion') [LIŠ archaic frequency:	 4].
maš:	 one-half; twin (ma4, 'to leave, depart, go out', + šè, 'portion') [MAŠ archaic frequency:	 133].
maš; máš:	 interest (of a loan); rent; profit; produce, yield (of a field) (ma4, 'to leave, depart, go out', +
šè, 'portion') [MAŠ archaic frequency:	 133].
máš; maš:	 kid; he-goat [MAŠ2 archaic frequency:	 60].
máš:	 n., extispicy (divination based on he entrails of a sacrificed animal); sacrificial animal [MAŠ2 archaic
frequency:	 60].
v., to scrutinize, inspect.
mèš:	 (cf., mes).
muš:	 n., snake; reptile (eme, 'tongue'/ ma4, 'to leave, depart, go out', + úš, 'to kill'/uš11, 'venom, poison') [MUŠ
archaic frequency:	 3; BU:	 archaic frequency:	 393; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
adj., bitter.
muš
2,3:	 n., face, appearance, aspect; diadem; a city's irrigated, cultivated territory; surface (mu10, 'female', +
áš, 'to desire') [MUŠ3 archaic frequency:	 284; concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to glisten, shine.
muš4:	 a biting insect (cf., he etymology of muš, 'snake').48
muš
5[ŠEŠ]:	 bitter (eme, 'tongue', + ú, 'plant', + eš, 'to anoint'; cf., šeš).
niš, neš:	 twenty (ní, 'self, body', + aš, 'one [finger, toe]').
peš:	 n., womb; palm frond; hree [GIR archaic frequency:	 28; concatenation of 4 sign variants] (moist container +
ùš, 'placental membrane'; pa, 'leaf, branch', + eš, 'many, much'; eš5,6,16,21, 'hree').
v., to expand; to be hick, wide.
adj., precious, valuable.
peš(7):	 child; son.
péš, píš:	 a type of edible mouse (probably derives from pèš, 'fig').
ñišpèš:	 fig; fig tree (moist container + šè, 'portion').
peš4,13:	 n., river pebble.
v., to be pregnant; to conceive.
peš5,6:	 n., deep breahing; scent; spider; combed wool, fluff (cf., aš(5), 'spider').
v., to breahe deeply; to make an incision; to pluck apart; to comb and clean wool.
piš10, peš10; pešx(KI.A):	 shore, river bank.
púš:	 pain; tightness; difficult circumstances (derives from peš4, 'to be pregnant').
suš:	 to sit down; to reside (su, 'body, relatives', + uš8, 'foundation place, base'; cf., tuš).
suš
2,3:	 to rub, anoint (wih oil) (su, 'body', + eš, 'to anoint').
šeš, šes:	 broher; brehren; colleague [URI3=ZATU-595 archaic frequency:	 77; concatenates 2 sign variants].
šeš, ses:	 n., myrrh (reduplicated eš, 'to anoint').
v., to taste bitter.
adj., bitter, brackish.
šeš
(2,4):	 to anoint; to rub; to erase; to be dense (reduplication class) (reduplicated eš, 'to anoint')
[ERIN=ŠEŠ4 archaic frequency:	 105].
šeš
2,3,4:	 to weep, cry; to mourn; to wail (reduplication class) (to become moist ?).
šuš
(2), šu2,4:	 to overhrow; to hrow down; to go down; to set, become dark, be overcast (said of he
sun); to cover (wih -da-) (reduplication class) (reduplicated šu, 'hand'; cf., šub) [ŠUŠ2 archaic frequency:	
243].
šuš4:	 to fell trees; to chop away (reduplicated šu, 'hand').
šuš
5,6, šu5,6:	 bedding, litter, feed, fodder (scattered for animals) (reduplicated uš, 'to stand upon').
téš[UR]:	 n., sexuality, sex; shame, modesty; all kinds, all sorts; each of hem (te, 'to approach', + áš, 'to
desire'; cf., ašte).
v., to feel ashamed.
adv., togeher (often wih suffix -bi, -ba or -e).
tuš:	 n., home (te, 'to approach', + uš8, 'foundation place, base').49
v. sing., to (cause to) dwell, reside; to be at home; to settle; to set up, establish; to sit; to lie down (singular;
cf. plural, duruna).
nita:	 (cf., nitah).
šita, èšda:	 clean; bahed; a priest (eš, 'to anoint', + ta, dá, 'by means of'/dé, 'to pour, water') [ŠITA
archaic frequency:	 373; concatenates 7 sign variants].
(ñiš)šíta, ešda:	 mace (úš, 'to kill', + ta, dá, 'by means of') [EŠDA archaic frequency:	 26].
šìta:	 channel, small canal (šè, 'portion' + ída, íd, i7, 'main canal') [ŠITA3 archaic frequency:	 139;
concatenation of 2 sign variants].
šita
(4), èšda; šid3,4,5:	 n., band; bond, tie (šè, 'portion', + te, 'to approach'; cf., ašte, téš).
v., to bind; to be togeher; to join, link wih; to couple.
adj., bound, intact.
šita
5, šit, šid, šed:	 n., measure; number (šè, 'portion', + ta, dá, 'nature, character').
v., to count; to consider; to calculate, figure out; to memorize; to recite; to read aloud.
šita
6:	 a type of vessel.
biz; bi(z):	 n., tears (Akk. loanword from bi,s,su, 'flow of tears' and ba,saa,su , 'to (let) drip', cf., Orel &
Stolbova #256 *baz- 'flow, be wet').
v., to drip, trickle; to cry; to ooze; to pour; to rinse off; to impute, accuse; to push someone away; to dry (cf.,
bi-bi-zé).
gaz(2):	 n., powder; break, fracture; war (chamber + repetitive motion; cf., [ñiš]naña3,4, nañX[GAZ, KUM]).
v., to crush; to kill, slaughter (wih -da-); to vanquish, defeat.
gazi:	 a spice - cassia, used on meat ('let it breahe'; Akk. kasû II) [GAZI archaic frequency:	 14].
guz, huz[LUM] v., to gnash he teeh; to bare he teeh; to rage at; to cut, trim, clip; to castrate
(reduplication class:	 hu-hu-uz) (gù, 'noise', + zú, 'teeh').
adj., long, shaggy (hair).
haz, haš:	 to break or cut off (twigs, branches); to hresh grain (há, 'numerous', + zé, 'to cut, pluck').
nuz, nus:	 egg (na4,'pebble', + uz/us,'goose', cf. also, nunuz).
meze:	 a type of drum (function + repetitive noise).
ziz:	 moh (Akk. loanword from saasu , 'moh' and ašaašu , 'moh', cf., Orel & Stolbova #1034 *‘açuç- 'insect').
zíz[ÁŠ]:	 emmer (wheat) (reduplicated zé or zi).
zìz:	 a crop-devouring insect (see etymology for ziz).
abgal(2):	 sage, wise man, wizard (abba, 'elder', + gal, 'great') [ABGAL archaic frequency:	 31].
ablal
(3):	 bird niche, nest (ab, 'niche, nook', + lal, 'to be high; to hang').
abrig:	 a purification priest (a, 'water', + barag, 'ruler; hrone') [ABRIG archaic frequency:	 9].
absin
(3):	 (seeded) furrow (ab, 'niche', + sín, 'to sift').50
abul[KÁ.GAL]:	 city gate (loanword from Semitic for 'door', Orel & Stolbova, Hamito-Semitic
Etymological Dictionary (1995), #287).
abzu:	 he 'sentient' sea - he sea personified as a god (aba/ab, 'sea' + zu, 'to know') [ABZU archaic frequency:	
28].
adamen
(2,3):	 argument; fight.
addir[A.PA.ÑISAL.PAD.DIRIG]:	 ferry; bridge (ída/íd, 'river', + dirig/dir, 'to go
over').
addir
x:	 wages.
agam:	 swamp (a, 'water', + gam, 'to decline, incline').
ágan, akan:	 (cf., akani).
agar(2,3), ugar:	 field; commons [AGAR2 archaic frequency:	 16].
agargaraku6 [NUNtenû]:	 a fish.
agarin(2,3):	 faher; moher; womb.
agarin4,5:	 beer-wort; crucible, vat.
agrun:	 inner sanctuary [ZATU-413 archaic frequency:	 4].
añarx[IM×IM; IM.DUGUD]:	 heavy rain shower, cloudburst (a, 'water', + ñar, 'to accumulate;
to deposit').
añrig:	 steward, superintendent (áña, 'to measure; to check', + rig7, 'to deed, grant').
ahhur(2,3), uhhur(2,3):	 (cf., imhur).
akani, akan:	 udder.
ákan, aka4[KÁ]:	 door-frame, lintel.
akar:	 leaher armor.
akkil:	 lamentation, ritual wailing.
alad:	 a life force; a male protective spirit.
alañ, alan, alam, ál:	 image, statue; figure, appearance [ALAN archaic frequency:	 51;
concatenates 6 sign variants].
alal:	 pipe, conduit, gutter; pipe for making libation offerings to he deceased (a, 'water', + lal, 'lift, carry').
alam:	 (cf., alañ).
alan:	 (cf., alañ).
alim:	 wild ram; bison; aurochs; powerful [ALIM=ZATU-219 [GIR3] sign per P. Steinkeller, archaic frequency:	 73;
concatenation of 3 sign variants].
allal
x, alla:	 net, seine; crab.
amagi(2,3), mabi(2,3):	 ice.
amar:	 calf; young animal (áma, 'wild cow moher', + re7, 'to accompany, plural') [AMAR archaic frequency:	 297].
amaš:	 sheepfold, cattle-pen (é, 'house', + maš, 'goat').51
ambar, abbar:	 marsh; reeds, canebrake (imi/im, 'clay, mud', + bar, 'to obtain').
anše:	 male donkey; onager; equid; pack animal (an,'sky; high', + šè, terminative postposition = 'up to' =
'to raise up, carry') [ANŠE archaic frequency:	 48; concatenates 4 sign variants;? KIŠ archaic frequency:	 46].
anzalub:	 reed pulp.
anzud
(2), anzu(2)-(d)[dIM.MI/DUGUDmušen]:	 a myhical giant bird; vulture, eagle [ANZU2
archaic frequency:	 1].
ñišapin:	 n., seeder plow (a, 'seed', + bun, 'to blow') [APIN archaic frequency:	 181; concatenates 3 sign variants].
adj., describes a plow animal (also apin-šè).
arad
(2), urdu(2), ir3,11:	 (male) slave; servant; subordinate (Akk. loanword from wardum, 'male
slave, man-servant') [IR11 archaic frequency:	 10].
arah4[É.UŠ.GÍD.DA]:	 storehouse.
arala, arali:	 he neherworld (hara/àra, 'to pulverize', + la, 'youhful freshness and beauty').
arhuš:	 n., womb; compassion, pity (úr, 'base; root', + háš, 'lower abdomen').
v., to be sympahetic.
ñišásal, ásar:	 Euphrates poplar tree [ASAL2 archaic frequency:	 16].
asil
(3,4,5):	 (cf., asilal(3,4,5)).
asila:	 (cf., asilal).
asilal
(3,4,5):	 joy, gladness.
ašag, aša5 [GANÁ]:	 field, plot (cf., a-šà-(g)).
ašgab:	 leaher-dresser, currier (kuš, 'leaher', + gúb, 'to cleanse').
(ú)aški:	 bulrush (Typha grass; cf, únúmun) (éš, 'rope', + kid(6), 'to weave a reed mat').
aškud:	 wedge (as a device to bar a door); ramp (?).
ašlag:	 (cf., lúazlag).
ašte:	 need; necessity; desirable or beloved object (áš, 'to desire', + te, 'to approach'; cf., téš).
azag:	 taboo.
lúazlag(2,3,4,5,6), ašlag:	 fuller, felt-worker; launderer (a, 'water', + zalag, 'to cleanse').
babbar
(2):	 bright; white; he rising sun (reduplicated bar6, 'bright, white') [UD archaic frequency:	 419].
báhar:	 potter [BAhAR2 archaic frequency:	 50; concatenates 3 sign variants].
balañ:	 lyre (?); drum (?); funeral song [? BALAG archaic frequency:	 20].
banda
2,4,5:	 prop, support.
bànda(da):	 young; junior; vigorous; impetuous; fierce; proud.
ñišbanšur
(2,3):	 table; container [? BANŠUR archaic frequency:	 7; concatenates 5 sign variants].52
bappir(2/3):	 beer bread (a sweet and possibly pungent bread made from barley dough - mixed wih malt
[munu4] to make mash [titab] for beer); brewer [BAPPIR archaic frequency:	 28; concatenates 6 sign
variants].
barag, bára, bár; bara5,6:	 hrone dais; king, ruler; cult platform; stand, support; crate, box;
sack; chamber, dwelling (container plus ra(g), 'to pack') [? BARA2 archaic frequency:	 69; concatenates 2 sign
variants; ? ZATU-764 archaic frequency 21].
bárag, bàra, bàr [DAG]:	 nest [BARA3 archaic frequency:	 13].
bariga [PI or UL(in Old Sumerian period)]:	 a measure of capacity - 36 sìla in he Old
Sumerian period and 60 sìla in he Old Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods. Equals 6 bán. (bán-rig-a, 'he
bán from picking, gleaning').
barzil (AN.BAR):	 (meteoric) iron (bar6, 'to shine', + zil, 'to cut, peel').
bibad[UZ.TUR]mušen:	 duck.
billuda, biluda[PA.AN]:	 worship, cult, rite; ordinance.
ñišbugin:	 basket; trough.
buñiñx, búgin:	 basket (for carrying food) (cf., buniñ).
bulug:	 shoot, sprout; barley malt; needle; awl; drill; seal pin; boundary post; border (bul, 'to sprout', +
aka/ag, 'to do') [BULUG archaic frequency:	 4].
bùluñ:	 n., pupil, novice; foster child [BULUG3 archaic frequency:	 19].
v., to grow; to grow big; to rear, make grow.
buluh:	 to worry; to be nervous, frightened; to hasten, hurry; fright.
buniñx, puniñx, bunin:	 bitumen-coated reed container (for carrying liquids), vat, tub
(bún/buñx, 'blister; to be swollen', + níñ, 'valuables').
buranun:	 Euphrates river (bu5, 'to rush around', + ra, 'to flood, overflow', + nun, 'great, noble').
buzur
(2,4,5), puzur(2,4,5):	 safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax.
bùzur:	 hand, palm.
dabin [ZÌ.ŠE]:	 coarse (?) barley flour.
dadag [UD.UD]:	 v., to clean, clear (reduplicated dág, 'brilliant, clean').
adj., brilliant; pure; sacred.
dagrim:	 fields, vicinity, precinct (cf., ñarim) (dag, 'resting place', + rim4, 'to run fast'; cf., bar-rim4).
dañal:	 n., widh, breadh (da, 'side', + gal/ñal, 'big') [AMA archaic frequency:	 241; concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to widen, enlarge; .
adj., wide, broad; copious.
dakkan, daggan:	 harem, living quarters, chamber (dag, 'dwelling', + gan, 'to bear').
dalhamun:	 tornado; violent storm; duststorm; whirlpool; riot, revolt (dal, 'to fly', + ha-mun, 'mutually
opposing or contrasting').
dalhamun4:	 confusion, disorder.53
danna, dana:	 road-lengh measure, 'march' = 30 UŠ = 21600 cubits = ca. 6.7 miles/10.8 kilometers;
double hour (twelfh part of a full day) = he time it takes to march a lengh of 1 danna (Akkadian
etymology from 'place of strengh or safety') [DANNA archaic frequency:	 2].
didila:	 very small, young.
didli:	 assorted, various; separate, individual, single (reduplicated dili).
diñir, dingir:	 god, deity; determinative for divine beings (di, 'decision', + ñar, 'to deliver').
dìlib:	 hair, locks (cf., dalla, 'beam, ray', dálla, 'needle', and dul; dal, 'to cover, clohe, hide').
dílim, dél:	 spoon (dal, 'to fly, remove', + eme, 'tongue').
dìlim[BUN]:	 funnel-shaped bowl containing seeds for he drill plow.
dilmunki:	 he island of Bahrain, noted for its sweet water springs (cf., tilmun) [DILMUN archaic
frequency:	 35].
dimgul:	 mast (dim, 'to bond, tie', + gul, 'enormous').
dinig[KI.NE]:	 potash; salt; crucible, kiln, brazier; air vent (dè, 'ashes', + naña, 'potash').
dirig, diri, dir [SI.A]:	 n., addition; excess; overdraft; trouble; amount by which credits
of an account tablet exceed debits - appears in he credits section of he succeeding period's account
tablet; intercalary monh after eiher 11h monh or 12h monh (based as much on wheher he winter
crop will be ready for he harvest monh as on he need to reconcile he lunar year wih he solar year,
which required an average of 7 intercalary monhs in 19 years) (cf., (gi)ušub).
v., to go over; to float (wih he current); to exceed, stand out; to be extra; to be darkened, eclipsed; to be
erased; to be greater han, to surpass, to be supreme over (wih dative/locative).
adj., superior, outstanding; surplus; superfluous; additional.
ñišdubšik[ÍL], dupsik:	 basket.
dubur
(2):	 testicles (dub, 'to store; to pour', + ir(2), 'tears or any bodily secretion').
dugud:	 n., weight; cloud [DUGUD archaic frequency:	 2].
adj., massive; heavy; difficult, hard (du7, 'complete', + gud, 'bull').
IMdungu:	 cloud, cloudbank.
durah, dàra, dàr:	 mountain goat buck; ibex (dur, 'bond, tie', + áhi, 'arm') [DARA3 archaic frequency:	
11; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
durun:	 (cf., duruna).
duruna, durun, dúru, dúr; durunx [DÚR.DÚR]:	 n., buttocks; anus;
dwelling [DUR2 archaic frequency:	 52].
v. plural, to sit; to be seated; to break wind; to dry out; to occupy, dwell; to set down, place (objects) (plural,
cf., singular tuš) (èd, 'to bring down (or up); to exit, drain' + úr, 'root, lap, highs', + ùña/un, 'people').
dúruna, dilina, dìlim:	 oven for baking and roasting.
ebir
(2), epir(2):	 small pot; beer mug.
ebla:	 a watery type of beer - 'light beer' (íb, 'waist', + lal/lá, 'to lessen').
edakua
(2):	 fish bones (adda, 'skeleton', + ku6/kua, 'fish').54
edim
x, edin:	 earhenware vat for oil and fats.
edin, eden:	 n., steppe, plain; grazing land between he two long rivers; back, spine (éd, 'to send
forh', + in, 'straw') [EDIN archaic frequency:	 5].
prep., on; against.
egir2,3, egi(2):	 princess.
eñar, iñar:	 brick wall (é, 'house', + ñar, 'to deposit'/ñar8, 'to mortar bricks').
eñir, eñer:	 n., back; stern (of a ship); end; limit; future; inheritance.
prep., behind.
adv., afterwards.
elamkuš
(2,3,4):	 bladder (éllañ, 'kidneys', + kuš, 'skin').
ellañ [LAGAB]:	 hoop or wooden ball ?; driving stick ?; bow ?; block of wood; a number word.
éllañ:	 kidneys.
emedu
(2):	 house/estate-born slave (eme, 'mammy', + tud/dú, 'to be born').
émeš:	 summer.
endub, endib:	 cook (en, 'lord', + dub, 'to move in a circle, shake') [ENDIB archaic frequency:	 6].
engar:	 irrigator, farmer (en, 'lord', + agar, 'field'; Akk. 'ikkar from Semitic "to hoe, cultivate").
engiz [ME.EN.GI]:	 cook (en, 'lord', + gaz, 'to fracture, crush, slaughter') [ENGIZ archaic frequency:	
22].
engur:	 subsoil water; abyssal sea of fresh water (a, 'water', + nañ, 'to drink', + úr, 'floor; root'; cf., an-gur4).
ñišenkara:	 a weapon.
enku:	 fishing overseer (en, 'lord', + ku6/kua, 'fish'; same signs (ZAG.hA) as ešsad).
enku
x [ZAG-hI-A]:	 tax assessment official.
enkum:	 temple treasurer; guardian deity of he foundations [ENKUM archaic frequency:	 14].
enmen, emmen, immen, immin, emma, imma:	 hirst (en, 'time', + mun, 'salt').
énmen, émmen, ímmen, ímmin, émma, ímma:	 to drink beer.
ensi
(3):	 dream interpreter (en, 'enigmatic background' + sig7, 'to dwell; to complete' ?) [ENSI archaic
frequency:	 8].
énsi(-k):	 city ruler (Old Sumerian); city governor (post-Sargonic) (en, 'lord, manager', + si, 'plowland',
+ genitive; cf., nísañ, 'governor') [ENSI2 archaic frequency:	 1].
enten(a):	 winter (en, 'time', + ten, 'cold', + a(k), 'of').
ereš, ereç ?[NIN]:	 queen, lady.
ereš
5[GAL-AN-ZU]:	 knowing, intelligent.
erib:	 daughter-in-law.55
erim, érin, éren:	 man, servant, soldier; troops, army; gang of workers; people, folk [ERIM archaic
frequency:	 175; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
érim, erin7, rim(3):	 n., enemy; destruction [ERIM2 archaic frequency:	 20].
adj., hostile; evil.
erim
3,4,5:	 treasury, storehouse; treasures.
(ñiš šim)erin, eren:	 cedar; to anoint wih cedar-oil [ERIN archaic frequency:	 105].
érin, rín:	 balance scale (cf., erim).
erum
2,3, eru2,3:	 slavegirl.
esañ:	 heir son (a/e4, 'seed, offspring', + sañ, 'first, prime').
ésañ[ÑÁ×ŠE]; esañx[É×ŠE; É.ŠE; É.SAÑ]:	 granary, storeroom (é, 'house,
temple', + sañ, 'first, prime').
(na4)esig, esi:	 good, fine; solid, strong; ebony; diorite; olivine-gabbro.
esir
(2):	 crude bitumen (usu, 'strengh' or esi, 'strong', + ir(2), 'liquid secretion').
kušèsir:	 sandal; shoe.
ešda:	 (cf., šíta).
èšda:	 (cf., šita).
ešemen
(2,3):	 jump rope; play; celebration (éše, 'rope', + men, 'boh, two').
ešgar:	 (cf., zeh) [? EŠGAR archaic frequency:	 12].
eškiri, ešgiri:	 nose rope, halter, bridle; jumping rope (éše, 'rope', + kìri, 'nose, muzzle').
ešsad:	 fisherman (éše, 'rope', + sud, 'to immerse, sink'; same signs (ZAG.hA) as enku).
eštubku6:	 a river carp:	 binnî.
ezem:	 (cf., ezen).
ezen, ezem:	 festival, feast (uzu, 'cut of meat', + en, 'time') [EZEN archaic frequency:	 114; concatenation of 3
sign variants].
ezinu:	 grain, cereal; he deity Ašnan [EZINU archaic frequency:	 24; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
gagar [KI]:	 area.
gagig:	 to lament; to wail (gù, 'to exclaim', + gig, 'illness; injury').
gakkul:	 clay brewing-vessel, mash tun.
galam:	 n., stairs.
v., to ascend, climb.
adj., ingenious, clever, artistic, complicated, elaborate; tall, high.
gamar:	 to be overwhelming (gam, 'to kneel', + mer, 'violent storm').
gamun:	 cumin; caraway seed.
ganam4, gana4:	 (cf., us5, u8).56
ganam6, gana6 [DARA4]:	 ewe.
ganba:	 marketplace; price equivalent.
ganzer(2,3):	 darkness; he neherworld (cf., ga-an-zír).
garadin(4,5), karadin(4,5):	 shock, pile of sheaves (on a harvested field) (guru7, 'grain heap', +
tun
(3), 'to constrict').
garaš:	 straw; supply master.
gáraš, karaš:	 military encampment; catastrophe.
gàrašsar:	 leek(s).
garaš3,4:	 decision; oracle.
gašam:	 craftsman, artisan; skilled person; job, work; office holder; wisdom.
gašan:	 lady, mistress; queen (cf., ga-ša-an) (Emesal dialect word, in which nin becomes šan).
gaššu:	 intelligent.
gazinbu, gazimbi, gazibu:	 pole; stake; beam.
gibil(4):	 new; fresh; renewal; to renovate (gúb, 'to purify, cleanse', + ul, 'to shine') [GIBIL archaic
frequency:	 77].
gíbil:	 to burn; burning (gu7, 'to consume', + bil, 'to burn').
gidim(2,4,7):	 spirit, ghost (gig, 'to be sick', + dìm, 'sickness demon', or gi6, 'black', + dim4, 'to approach').
gidim6, gidi6:	 eclipsed, darkened (gíg/gi6, 'black', + dím, 'to make').
ñišgigir(2):	 wheel(s); chariot; wagon; coach (reduplicated gur4/gir8, 'to turn, roll') [PU2 archaic frequency:	
37].
gilim-(b), gili, gil, gi16:	 n., reed bundle; dancer; bride crown (gi, 'reeds', + lam,
'abundance') [GIL archaic frequency:	 1].
v., to twist; to bend, bow; to cross, bar; to fence off; to lie ahwart; to go across; to cross plow; to mess up.
adj., to be twisted, tangled; opaque; to be corrupted; destroyed.
girim, girin, gir8:	 piece of clay; to detach a piece of clay; to creep or glide on he ground
(gur5, 'to separate, divide', + imi/im, 'clay'; cf., gurun).
gìrim, gírin:	 (cf., gurun).
giriš:	 butterfly; moh.
gitlam(2,3,4), nit(a)lam(2,3,4):	 lover; honeymooner; first husband; spouse (nitah, 'male,
man', + lam, 'luxuriance').
gúdibir:	 war (gud(2), 'warrior', + bir, 'to wreck, murder').
gudug, gudu4, gúda:	 a ritually pure, linen-clohed priest who cares for and feeds he gods;
divinely anointed.
gukin(2):	 entire inhabited world.
gukkal [KUN.GAL]:	 (cf., kungal).57
gunni:	 kiln; stove.
gurdub:	 reed basket.
gurud(2):	 to hrow.
gurum[GAM]:	 n., heap, pile; arched beam; bending.
v., to be bent; to subdue.
gúrum:	 inspection.
gurun, gurin; girin, girim; gìrim, gírin:	 fruit; berry; flower (cf., girin) (gúr, 'sphere', + an, 'high'; cf., kurun).
guruš, ñuruš:	 sledge (archaic pictogram); adult workman, laborer (human sledge); young man (gúr,
'wheels' [cf., gigir], + uš, 'to stand upon') [? GURUŠ archaic frequency:	 68; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
guruš3,4, guru5, gur5; kur5:	 to circumcise (?); to trim away, strip; to cut, clip (a part of
he body); to notch, incise; to fell trees; to be parted, relieved of (gur10, 'sickle', + ñìš/uš, 'penis').
gurušda:	 (cf., kurušda).
guzza:	 hrone; chair.
ñadub:	 tablet container (ñar;ñá, 'to store', + dub, 'clay tablets'; cf, lúša13[ÑÁ]-dub-ba).
ñagia:	 cloister; reed basket; a measure of fish.
ñalga, malga:	 advice, counsel; wise one; reflection, consideration (loan from Akkadian milkum; cf.,
Orel & Stolbova #1791 *mulak-/*mulik- 'stranger, chief') [GALGA archaic frequency:	 16; concatenation of 2
sign variants].
ñansis, ñasisx:	 darkness; he neherworld; eclipse.
ñanun:	 barn, storehouse, granary (ñar;ñá, 'storeroom', + nun, 'great') [GANUN archaic frequency:	 3].
ñarim:	 pool, pond (cf., dagrim) (ñar, 'storeroom', + imi/im, 'clay, mud').
ñarza, ñarzu[PA.DIÑIR]:	 custom(s); rite(s); divine or royal orders (ñar, 'form, appearance'
or ñar, 'to deliver', + zu, 'to know').
ñárza, ñárzu, ñirza[PA.LUGAL]:	 office, duties; rules.
ñešbu, ñešba, ñešpa[ÑIŠ-ŠUB]:	 boomerang; hrow-stick.
ñéšbu, ñéšpu[ŠU.DIM4]:	 fist(s); grappling hook for a wrestler (ñiš, 'wooden tool', + bu(6), 'to
pull, draw').
ñešta, ñeš2,3,4, ñiš2,3:	 sixty (ñiš, 'tool', + tar, 'to cut; to determine' ?).
ñeštin:	 vine; wine; grape juice; bunch of grapes (ñiš, 'tree', + tin, 'life; wine') [GEŠTIN archaic frequency:	
42; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
ñeštug(2,3), ñeštu(2,3)[PI]:	 n., ear(s); hearing; understanding, intelligence (ñiš, 'tool', +
tuku/tug, 'to receive') [GEŠTUG archaic frequency:	 108; concatenation of 5 sign variants].
v., to hear; to understand.
ñeš'u:	 (cf., ñéš×u in compound section).58
ñišñidru, ñidri[PA]:	 stick; staff; scepter; stick used to measure he height of a pile of grain (ñiš,
'wood', + dúru, 'low end, base' where stick was hrust to he base of a grain pile; cf., duru6 reading of PA
and še ñiš-è-a).
ñiñri(2):	 to dive; to sink, founder (reduplicated ñiri5, 'to seek refuge').
ñišñisal:	 oar; rudder (ñiš, 'wooden tool', + sal, 'hin, wide') [GISAL archaic frequency:	 3; concatenation of 2
sign variants].
ñiskim, ñiškim, iskim, izkim, ñizkim:	 sign, signal; omen (ñiš, 'tool', + kíñ,
'message').
ñissu, ñizzu[ÑIŠ.MI]:	 shadow; shade (ñiš, 'tool, agent', + su, 'substitute'[Akk. tarib(t)um]).
ñišbun:	 (cultic) feast.
ñišgal:	 chair; hrone; station (ñiš, 'wooden hing', + gal, 'big, great') [GIŠGAL archaic frequency:	 9].
ñišñišimmar:	 date palm; trunk of a date palm tree (cf., ñišnimbar) [GIŠIMMAR archaic frequency:	 55;
concatenation of 5 sign variants].
ñizzal:	 attention; intelligence (ñiš,'tool', + zal,'to pass time') [? GIZZAL archaic frequency:	 1].
ñuruš:	 (cf., guruš).
ñuškin:	 (now read as kù-sig17).
ñušur:	 rafter beam (ñiš, 'wood, tool', + ùr, 'roof; beam').
habrud:	 cesspit; pit, hole; cave, cavern (hab, 'to stink', + bùru(-d), 'hole').
halba(2,3), halbi(2,3):	 frost, freezing.
harub[DAG.KISIM5]:	 carob.
(ñiš)hašhur:	 apple (?); apricot (?) (haš, 'to break off (twigs or branches)', + gurun;gúr, 'fruit; sphere')
[hAŠhUR archaic frequency:	 101].
(gi)henbur(2):	 (green) reed shoots, stalks (he, 'abundant', + in, 'discrete individuals', + buru14/bur14,
'harvest').
henzer:	 weakling; cripple; infant.
hilib:	 neherworld (possible foreign loanword).
hirin, hirim:	 he root stalks of he spikenard, imported from India, and used in perfumes; a weed
grass (he, 'abundant', + ir, 'perfume', + in, 'straw').
hubur:	 neherworld (hab, 'to rot, stink', + úr, 'root; base').
huluh:	 to tremble; to be terrified; to terrify.
ibila:	 son; heir, successor; inheritance (íb (subj. prefix) + íla, 'he carries it').
idigna:	 he Tigris river (ída/íd, 'river', + ì, 'impersonal verbal conjugation prefix', + ñin, 'to go', +
nominative a, "he river hat goes", he Tigris was a faster-moving river han he Euphrates; it was less
likely to overflow because, not depositing as much silt, it did not built up its bed as high) [? IDIGNA
archaic frequency:	 25].
idim:	 n., spring, underground water; weight, mass (ída, 'river', + mú, 'to sprout, appear').
adj., wild, raging, mad; considerable, distinguished.59
ígira:	 heron (igi, 'he eye', + ra, 'to strike').
ñišildag(2,3):	 a species of poplar tree (íl, 'to be high; to shine', + dág, 'brilliant').
ilduma
(2,3), ildum(2/3), ildu(2/3):	 crowd [ILDUM archaic frequency:	 5; concatenation of 2 sign
variants].
ilimmu:	 nine (ía/í, 'five', + limmu, 'four').
ñišilluru, illulu, illar:	 hrow-stick; javelin; bow; arc (íla, 'to lift', + ru, 'to send').
imñaña(2,3):	 husked (?) emmer wheat.
imin
(2,3):	 seven; totality; innumerable; all (ía/í, 'five', + min, 'two').
immal
(2):	 milk cow (cf., im-ma-al).
immen, immin, imma:	 (cf., enmen).
ímmen, ímmin, ímma:	 (cf., énmen).
immindu:	 roasting, baking oven (imi/im, 'clay', + ninda, 'bread').
imhur[IGI.A]:	 foam.
inim:	 word; statement; command, order, decree; oah, agreement; matter, affair, concern, subject (in, 'one
discrete individual', + eme, 'speech').
isimu
2,3, isim2,3:	 shoot, sprout; offspring, descendant (i, 'sprout', + si, 'straight, long, narrow', +
mú, 'to grow').
isiš
2,3:	 n., moaning; laughter.
v., to weep; to laugh.
iskim:	 (cf., ñiskim).
išib:	 n., priest who performs exorcisms, incantations, lustrations and purification.
adj., clean; anointed.
išin [PA-ŠE]:	 stalk.
itima, itim, idi:	 cella, chapel.
itud, itid, itu, iti, id8; it4,id4:	 moon; monh; moonlight (te, 'to approach,
meet', + ud, 'sun').
izkim:	 (cf., ñiskim).
kabar, kapar[PA.DAG.KISIM5×GAG]:	 shepherd boy (ká, 'gate', + bar, 'to open').
kadra
(2):	 gift, bribe (kad4, 'to tie togeher', + ru, 'present, gift').
kalag, kala, kal:	 v., to repair, mend (kal, 'excellent', + aka/ag, 'to make').
adj., strong; swift [GURUŠ+2-N14 (wagon pictogram) archaic frequency:	 7; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
kalam:	 he land (of Sumer); nation [KALAM archaic frequency:	 91; concatenates 6 sign variants].
kankal:	 hard soil; uncultivated land (ki, 'earh, place', + nu, 'not', + kal[-l], 'excellent, valuable').
kapar:	 (cf., kabar).60
kaskal:	 expedition, caravan; road; journey (kaš4/kas4, 'to travel fast', + kalag/kal, 'swift') [KASKAL
archaic frequency:	 35].
kašbir:	 small beer; sweet beer (kaš, 'beer', + bír, 'to sniff').
kešda, kešdr?, kéš-(d):	 n., knot; taboo; inhibition (ki, 'place', + šita4, 'to bind') [KEŠ2
archaic frequency:	 6].
v., to bind, wrap, tie; to join; to fasten; to harness; to snatch.
ñiškešda:	 weir.
kíbir:	 firewood, kindling.
ñiškíbir:	 pitchfork.
na4kikkin [hAR]:	 mortar.
kíkkin [hAR.hAR]:	 milling; mill house; adj. for milling women (reduplicated kín, 'hand mill').
kilib[LAGAB]:	 package, bundle.
kìlib, kìli:	 totality; star(s).
kilim, gílim, gilili:	 group of (wild) animals; rodents or oher very small mammals.
kinbur:	 bird's nest or perch (ki, 'place', + an, 'high', + bùru/bùr, 'receptacle').
kinda:	 barber.
kínda[URI]; kindax[LAK-419]:	 a type of vessel for measuring barley or holding water.
kindañal(2):	 overseer of a group of (five) slaves.
kingal:	 commander, director (kíñ, 'to order', + gal, 'big, great') [KINGAL archaic frequency:	 39].
kingusili:	 greater part; five-sixhs (5/6) (kíñ, 'task', + sílig, 'hand [of five fingers]').
kiraši:	 emmer wheat for making beer.
kisal:	 courtyard; weight measure (ki, 'place', + sal, 'spacious') [KISAL archaic frequency:	 145 ?; concatenates 5
? sign variants].
kisim
(3,5,6,7):	 milk-processing wasters; spoiled milk; smelly cheese [KISIM archaic frequency:	 67;
concatenates 3 sign variants].
kisim
(4):	 cheese maggot.
kisim
2,3,5:	 stable, pen.
kislah(2)[KI.UD]:	 empty lot; hreshing floor (ki, 'place', + luh/làh, 'to sweep clean'; cf., ki-sug8).
kissa:	 supporting wall.
kišib, kiši5,10:	 mouse.
kišib
(3):	 n., hand; fist; seal; sealed bulla; receipt (cf., kéš, 'to snatch; to bind').
v., to seal.
kišib
7,8,9, kiši7,8,9:	 ant.61
ñiškišik
(2), kiša(2), kiši16/17[Ú.ÑÍR]:	 a horny bush [? KIŠIK archaic frequency:	 21;
concatenates 3 sign variants].
kúkku [MI.MI]:	 dark.
kukkuš, kukkuç ? [IŠ]:	 a type of flour.
kunga[ŠÚ.MUL]; kúnga[BAR.AN, ŠÚ.AN]:	 donkey; onager; mule.
kungal, gukkal [LU.hÚL]:	 fat-tailed sheep (kun, 'tail', + gal, 'big') [GUKKAL archaic frequency:	
36; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
kuniñx, kúnin:	 refined asphalt, bitumen (ku, 'to build', + níñ, 'assets').
kurku
(2):	 bounty, abundance (reduplicated kur9, 'to deliver').
kurum
6, kur6:	 a basket of food-rations; share(s).
kurum
7, kuru7, kur7:	 n., lookout, spy (ki, 'place', + ùru(-m), 'to watch, guard').
v., to watch.
kurun
(2,3):	 sweet red wine; wine grape, grapevine, or grape cluster (cf., gurun).
kuruš, kuš6, ku7:	 sweet; plump, fat; honey (cf., kurušda).
kurušda, gurušda, kuruça ?:	 sweet fodder (for fattening cattle); fattener (of cattle);
stock-breeder (kuruš, 'sweet; fat', + da(5), 'side; to surround' ?) [GURUŠDA archaic frequency:	 61].
kušum:	 to scorn, reject, hurt; to abandon (ki, 'place', + ušum, 'solitary').
kušum
x, kušu[U.PIRIÑ]:	 herd of cattle or sheep.
lagab:	 block, slab (of stone); trunk (of tree) (cf., kilib) (lag, 'clod, piece', + gub, 'to stand') [LAGAB
archaic frequency:	 84; concatenates 2 sign variants].
lagar:	 temple servant who pronounces invocations to he god [LAGAR archaic frequency:	 51; concatenates 4
sign variants].
lagarx[SAL.hÚB]:	 (divine) vizier; a high ranking cultic functionary.
lahtan(2):	 beer vat [LAhTAN2 archaic frequency:	 7].
lahtanx, lahta:	 a washing vessel (luh/làh, 'to wash', + tán, 'to become clean').
libir:	 n., old age [LIBIR archaic frequency:	 1].
v., to last long; to live long.
adj., old, ancient; traditional; used, worn (la, 'youhful freshness', + bír, 'to shrivel up').
libiš, lipiš:	 courage; anger; core, heart; family (Akk. libbu 'heart').
lidim:	 to receive (in charity) (la, 'abundance', + dim4, 'to beg').
lilib[IGI.IGI]:	 to steal.
liliz:	 a drum.
lillan:	 stalk wih ripe ear of grain.
lirum, liru, liri:	 n., physical strengh.62
adj., strong, powerful.
lugal:	 king; owner, master (lú, 'man', + gal, 'big') [LUGAL archaic frequency:	 80].
lugud, luñud(?):	 pus; serous fluid (lúñ, 'fault, error' + éd, 'to emerge').
lúgud:	 short; short person (lú, 'person', + gud8, 'short').
lukur:	 chaste priestess, nun; courtesan (?) (lú, 'grown man', + kúr, 'hostile').
lulim:	 stag, hart (male of he red deer; cf., máš-lulim) (Akkadian loanword).
luhummu[ÑIŠ-MI]:	 mud (cf., lu-hu-um).
lunga(2,3), lumgi(2,3):	 (cf., lúningi(2,3)).
makkaš
(2):	 wailing; clamor (mah, 'great',? + kuš7, 'devastation').
mangaga:	 palm fiber, bast (man, 'partner', + gag, 'peg, nail', + a(k), 'genitive').
mašda:	 drawing; gazelle (máš, 'to scrutinize', + dù, 'to make, apply') [? DARA3 archaic frequency:	 11; concatenation
of 4 sign variants].
mašda
(2):	 commoner; destitute.
maškim:	 inspector, monitor, sheriff, commissioner (máš, 'to inspect', + kíñ, 'work').
megida(2), megidda(2):	 sow (female pig).
mezem [ÚMBISAG]:	 maintenance, support (?).
middu
(2), mitum(2):	 mace (he weapon).
mudla, madlu, mudul:	 pole; stake (mud, 'a right-angled tool', + lal/lá, 'to hang').
múdru:	 fuller; launderer (mur10/mu4, 'to clohe oneself', + duru5, 'moist, fresh').
muhaldim [MU]:	 baker, cook (mù, 'to mill, grind', + hal, 'to divide; portion', + dím, 'to fashion, create').
mùnsub:	 shepherd.
munšub
(2):	 hair; hairy skin; pelt, hide; barber ('it falls down oneself') [? MUNŠUB archaic frequency:	 3;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
munus[SAL]; nunus[Emesal]:	 female; woman (his pronunciation found in absolute inflection,
cf., mí) (mí, 'woman', + nuz/nus, 'egg') (cf., mí/mu10, nunuz, and etymology of nitah).
úmunzur[KI.AN.ŠEŠ.KI]:	 bitter plants.
murgu:	 dung (sheep).
murgu(2), mur7,8:	 neck; back; shoulders; ridge (mur, 'lungs', + gú, 'neck').
murub
(2):	 vulva; woman; sexual charm [MURUB2 archaic frequency:	 4].
murub4, múru:	 central, median area; middle; waist, hips; in-between terrain; interval; battle (mur10, 'to
dress oneself', + íb, 'middle; loins'; cf., itimurub4).
murum
5,11, muru3,5, urum:	 broher-in-law (mí, 'woman', + ùru(-m), 'to watch, guard' or úrum,
'relatives').
mušen:	 bird (muš, 'reptile', + an, 'sky') [MUŠEN archaic frequency:	 178].63
muššagana:	 voracious hunger.
nañar:	 adze, wood-chisel; carpenter; craftsman (na4, 'stone', + ñír, 'knife') [NAGAR archaic frequency:	 168;
concatenation of 2 sign variants].
nañña, niññi [AN.NA]:	 tin, pewter (níñ, 'valuable hing', + ñar;ñá, 'to store').
namešda[ŠITA.ÑIŠ.NÁM]:	 top warrior, king (lit., 'he power of he mace').
nanam:	 n., true measure (na4, 'token, counter', + nam, 'destiny' or just reduplicated nam).
adj., reliable, true; honest, decent.
d
nanna:	 he moon as a god [NANNA archaic frequency:	 49; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
nidba
(2):	 (cf., nindaba).
nigida[PI]:	 (cf., ni-gi-da ;bariga).
niñar[NI9.ÑAR]:	 a dark room; premature or monstrous fetus (ni9,'premature birh', + ñar,'to
deliver').
niñin(2):	 n., enclosure, circle; capacity; whole (cf., kilib and gur4-gur4) [NIGIN archaic
frequency:	 11].
v., to halt, turn away; to turn round; to surround; to assemble; to pen up cattle; to wander about; to circle;
to make he rounds (usually níñin[LAGAB] for hamtu form and niñin or ni10-
ni
10[LAGAB.LAGAB] for marû form) (ní;ne4, 'fear', + ñin, 'to go').
niñin(2,3):	 vertigo (as a disease); faintness, dizziness; hirst.
nìñin, ni9:	 premature or stillborn child; malformed child; monstrosity.
niñin5,7,8,9, nimen(3,4,5); naña:	 district, province.
niñir(2), miñir(2):	 a bride's male attendant; herald, night watchman, town crier; bailiff (probable
conflation of separate words:	 mí,'woman' and nim,'morning', + ñar,'to deliver') [NIMGIR archaic
frequency:	 62].
ñišnimbar:	 date-palm (nim, 'to be high', + bar;bur, 'to release; meal').
nimgir(2):	 (cf., niñir(2)).
nimin, nin5:	 forty (niš, 'twenty', + min, 'two').
nimur[KI.NE]:	 kiln; potash.
nimur
x[PIRIÑ.TUR]:	 leopard, panher (from Akk. nimru(m) I).
ninda:	 bread; bakery good; food (níñ, 'valuables', + dar, 'to slice') [GAR archaic frequency:	 409].
nindan, ninda:	 a lengh measure, rod = 12 cubits (kùš) = 6 meters; one side of a sar/šar,
'garden plot' square measure (from Akk. middatu, mindatu, 'to measure').
nínda, inda; índa:	 hopper or seeding apparatus of he seeder plow; funnel, tube; flower;
bushel; pure-bred breeding bull; fish roe; milt; ancestors (from Akk. middatu, mindatu, 'to measure')
[NINDA2 archaic frequency:	 20].
nindaba
(2), nidba(2):	 food offering (ninda, 'food', + ba, 'to give').
lúningi(2,3), lunga(2,3), lumgi(2,3):	 brewer (nañ, 'to drink'; lum, 'to be satiated, full'; lùm,
'a small pot').64
ninindu, nindu, inda4:	 oven; stove (cf., immindu).
ninkum[NIN.PAB.SIG7.NUN.ME.UBARA]:	 temple treasurer; guardian deity of he
foundations [NINKUM archaic frequency:	 11].
nisañ(2), nesañ(2):	 first fruits (offering); spring time (monh); dough; wine cellar ?; foremost;
governor (ní, 'self; vigor', + sañ, 'first') [NISAG2 archaic frequency:	 94; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
nisig, nisi, nissa:	 n., greens, vegetables (níñ, 'valuables', + sig7, 'green, yellow').
adj., beautiful; blue; green.
nitadam, nitalam:	 wife.
nitah(2), nita(2):	 male; man; manly (ní,'self', + tah,'to multiply') [GIŠ3 archaic frequency:	 16;
concatenation of 2 sign variants; UŠ archaic frequency:	 101; concatenates 2 sign variants].
numun, nuñunx, niñunx:	 n., seed; sowing; cornfield; offspring, progeny (níñ, 'hing', + gùn,
'dots, speckles') [NUMUN archaic frequency:	 22].
v., to produce.
(ú)númun:	 a type of grass (halfâ'), rushes (cf., úaški) [NUMUN2 archaic frequency:	 2].
nundum, nundun:	 lip (reduplicated tùn, 'lip').
nunuz, nunus:	 egg(s); offspring; female (reduplicated nuz, 'egg') [NUNUZ archaic frequency:	 134;
concatenation of 5 sign variants].
palil(2):	 advance troops, shock troops, leader (bala, 'to cross over', + lú, 'men').
parim:	 arid land; dry land (as opposed to marsh land or water) (cf., bar-rim4).
piriñ(3):	 lion (poetic); light (bar6/7, 'to shine', + níñ, 'hing') [PIRIG archaic frequency:	 103; concatenation of
5 sign variants].
píriñ:	 bright.
pisañ(2/3), pisan(2/3):	 (open) basket; box, chest; frame (bad/be, 'to open', + sañ, 'head').
puniñx:	 (cf., buniñx).
puzur:	 (cf., buzur).
sabad
(2,3), sad2,3,4 [ÑÁ×U, ÑÁ×BAD, ÑÁ×SIG7 ]; šab, sab [PA.IB]:	
hips, loins; middle (su, 'body', + bad, 'to open').
sañdulx[U+SAÑ]:	 hat, headdress (sañ, 'head', + dul, 'to cover, protect').
sañña(2,3,4), sanña(2,3,4):	 a sprinkler, used for ritual cleaning; economic director of a temple or
occupation (such as all he smihs) (sañ, 'head', + ñar;ñá, 'to store') [SANGA archaic frequency:	 530;
concatenates 3 sign variants].
sañšu:	 helmet, cap, headdress (sañ, 'head', + šúš/šú, 'to cover') [SAGŠU archaic frequency:	 14].
sañtag, santak(2,3,4):	 triangle; (written) wedge; single (sañ, 'head', + tag, 'to hold').
sañtušx[U+SAÑ]:	 hat, headdress (sañ, 'head', + tuš, 'to reside, sit').
ñišsahab(2), suhub3,4:	 bar, bolt (of a door).
sahar:	 silt, dust, sand, earh, mud, loam; rubbish; sediment (cf., kuš7) (sa5, 'red-brown', + hara, 'crushed,
pulverized').65
dugsáhar [SAR]:	 clay pot.
saman
(2,3):	 yoke, leash, or rope (for an ox).
sanña(2,3,4):	 (cf., sañña).
santana, šandana, šandan:	 herbalist, horticulturist, date orchard administrator (sañ,
'head, human', + tin, 'to cure'; cf. also, šeñ4, 'chills' and šeñ6, 'to be hot') [ŠANDANA archaic frequency:	 3;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
sidug:	 ravine; pit; pitfall; trap (si, 'to be straight, narrow', + dug, 'vessel').
sikil:	 v., to be/make clean, pure (siki, 'hair' ?, + ul, 'to shine'; cf., suku5, 'to shine brightly', sig7, 'to
create; to make beautiful') [SIKIL archaic frequency:	 7].
adj., clean, fresh, pure, virginal.
silañ, sila11:	 to knead (dough or clay); to slay.
silig:	 (cf., šilig).
sílig:	 hand.
silig3,4:	 sin.
silim[DI]:	 to be/make in good shape, healhy, complete (usually considered Akk. loanword, root
means 'peace' in 18 of 21 Semitic languages, but Sumerians used word in greeting and root not in Orel &
Stolbova's Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary; cf., sil5, 'pleasure, joy', + lum, 'to grow
luxuriantly').
simug:	 metal-sculptor, smih (si4, 'red', + mug, 'to engrave') [SIMUG archaic frequency:	 13].
sipad, sibad, sipa; šuba; sub2,3:	 n., shepherd; keeper [SIPA archaic frequency:	 4].
v., to pasture, tend (si, 'to keep in order', + bad, 'to let out', or pàd, 'to find').
sipar:	 (cf., zabar).
siskur
(2), sizkur(2):	 n., offering, sacrifice wih entreaties, prayers, rites.
v., to pray; to sacrifice (isiš2,3, 'to weep', + kur9, 'to bring, deliver').
subar:	 slave; Norherner (su, 'body', + bar, 'foreign').
d
suena, dsuen[EN.ZU]:	 he moon (sú, 'knowledge', + en(2,3), 'time', + -/ak/, 'of').
suñin, sumun, sun, šum4[BAD]:	 n., rot, decay; somehing rotten; he past (su, 'body',
+ ñin, 'to go') [? ZATU-644 archaic frequency:	 65; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
v., to decay; to ruin.
adj., old, ancient.
suhirin[SU7.SUM]:	 he hreshing floor wih he piles of grain and straw (su7, 'hreshing floor', +
hirin, 'sweet smelling grass').
suhur:	 n., hair, scalp; tree top; crest (su6, 'beard', + he, 'abundant', + ùr, 'roof'; cf., suhuš) [SUhUR archaic
frequency:	 239].
v., to trim or comb he hair; to scratch; to make an incision.
suhurku6:	 giant carp, barbel.66
suhuš:	 roots; support, foundation; to lift; support (su4, 'to grow, multiply', + he, 'abundant', + uš, 'to
support'; cf., suhur).
sukkal:	 messenger, courier, envoy, representative; minister, vizier (su, 'body', + kalag/kal, 'strong,
swift') [SUKKAL archaic frequency:	 130].
sukud; zugud:	 n., height; deph (su, 'body', + gíd, 'long') [SUKUD archaic frequency:	 15].
v., to be/make high.
adj., high; tall.
súkud, suku5:	 to measure, distribute; to flash, shine brightly (cf., zú...kud/ku5).
sulummar[KI.SAÑ.DU]:	 disgrace (cf., su(11)-lum...mar).
sumaš:	 a common marine fish [SUMAŠ archaic frequency:	 3].
sumug(3,4,5), samag(3,4,5):	 mole; birhmark (su, 'flesh', + mug, 'to engrave; sty').
sumun:	 (cf., suñin).
sumur, šúr, súr:	 n., fierceness (Akkadian loanword - šamru, 'fierce, enraged, wild') [ŠUR2 archaic
frequency:	 17; concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to be enraged (against someone:	 -da-).
adj., fierce; furious; stubborn.
surim:	 (cf., surin).
susbu:	 clean, bahed; a priest.
šabra, šapra [PA.AL]:	 temple administrator; commissioner (šab, 'to gaher up', + ru, 'to give')
[ŠABRA archaic frequency:	 1].
šagan, šakan:	 a large jar for oil; god of wild creatures (šag4/šà, 'stomach, container', + gan, 'to bring
forh') [? ŠAGAN archaic frequency:	 55].
šaggina, šaggin, šagina:	 military governor (šag4, 'guts', + gi-na, 'steady, reliable') [?
ŠAGINA archaic frequency:	 1].
šañar:	 hunger (cf., šà-ñar).
šakan:	 (cf., šagan).
šákan:	 official in charge of expenditures - comptroller (šu, 'portion', + gan, 'to bring forh'; cf. also,
šaggina).
šakar:	 milk jug (šag4/šà, 'stomach, container', + kir, 'cow').
dugšakira
(3), šakir(3):	 butter tub, churn; churning; pitcher (šag4/šà, 'stomach, container', + kir,
'cow' + /ak/, genitive) [ŠAKIRA3 archaic frequency:	 56; concatenates 3 sign variants].
úšakira
(2), šakir(2):	 henbane.
šandana:	 (cf., santana).
šaran; šarin:	 tick, bedbug (šár, 'to be numerous', + in, 'straw').
šardiš, šarñeš[ŠÁR×DIŠ]; šargalx[ŠÁR×GAL]:	 '216000'.
šassuk[SAÑ-GÍN]:	 registrar of deeds.67
šedur:	 caterpillar cocoon (éše, 'rope', + dúr, 'dwelling').
šembi:	 kohl; antimony (as makeup).
šenbar:	 a type of wild boar (?); Mesopotamian fallow deer (?) (šeg9, 'boar', + bar, 'foreign').
ñiššennur:	 a fruit tree, quince or medlar [ŠENNUR archaic frequency:	 11; concatenates 2 sign variants].
šerim
(2), šerin, sérim:	 a part of he loom - eiher he harness or he heddle [TAG archaic
frequency:	 48 ?; concatenates 7 ? sign variants].
šerimsur:	 caterpillar cocoon (šerim, 'part of a weaving loom', + zar/sur8, 'to exude; to spin [a
cocoon]').
ñiššibir, sibir:	 n., shepherd's staff ending in a curved end, i.e., a crook; also such a staff used by a
god or king as a scepter (sipad; šuba, 'shepherd', + re7, 'to lead; to bear').
adj., slanted, crooked.
šidim, šitim, šidi[GIM]:	 architect, mason (šid3,4,5, 'to bind', + dím, 'to build, make')
[ŠIDIM archaic frequency:	 35].
šikin
2,3:	 a jar for body oil, ointment, salve.
šilam:	 milk-producing moher cow (šu, 'to pour', + lam, 'abundance').
šilig(5), silig(5):	 v., to cease, stop; to lay aside one's work.
adj., extremely powerful, strong(cf., ñiššilig and nam-šilig).
ñiššilig:	 axe.
ñiššinig:	 tamarisk.
šiten:	 course of march; passage (šìta, 'channel', + un, 'people').
šitim:	 (cf., šidim).
šubun:	 (cf., ñišbun).
šubur:	 earh; slave, deprived person [ŠUBUR archaic frequency:	 181].
šudug(2), šutug(2):	 a reed hut for purification rites; basket.
ñiššudun
(2,3,4,5),
ñiššudul
(2,3,4,5),
ñišuštil:	 yoke, crosspiece (šúš/šú, 'to cover', + dun(4),
'warp yarns connecting opposite sides of a loom frame' and dul, 'to cover').
(kuš)šuhub(2), suhub(2) [MUL]:	 n., boots (šúš/šú, 'to cover', + gub, 'to stand').
v., to step; to feed by grazing; to trample.
gišukur:	 fence.
urudu/ñiššukur:	 spear, lance (šu, 'hand', + kúr, 'enemy').
šurun, šurim:	 animal excrement, dung; stable (šur, 'to flow, drip', + imi/im, 'clay, mud').
šurun
4,5, šurin4,5:	 cockroach; cricket.
šušana:	 one hird (part).
šušur
(2):	 stove grill (šúš, 'to cover', + ùru, 'hot, luminous metal').68
šutum[GI.NA.AB.UL]:	 lizard.
tabira, tibira:	 metalworker (tab, 'to hold, clasp', + ùru, 'luminous object').
taltal:	 knowledge, experience, wisdom (reduplicated tál, 'understanding').
ñištaškarin, taskarin[TÚG]:	 box shrub or small tree (or its heavy, hard wood) (may be
Akk. loan).
temen[TE]:	 perimeter; foundations; foundation-charter; foundation platform; a figure on he ground
made of ropes stretched between pegs; excavation (often written te-me-en) [TE archaic frequency:	 199].
tešlug:	 small young animal, fledgling.
tibir:	 carving knife.
tibir
(2,3,4,5):	 hand; palm; blow, strike ('life' + 'open, release' ? 'he beggar's open palm').
tíbira, ibira:	 merchant, tradesman (Proverb 3.108 describes how he peddler 'flays' or 'skins' he
open hand of he customer).
tidnum[UG-UG or ÚG-ÚG], midnum:	 tiger ?, leopard ? [? TIDNUM archaic frequency:	 1].
tilhar:	 cloud.
tilmun:	 distinguished, respectful (same sign as dilmunki).
titab
(2):	 beer mash - bappir mixed wih munu4 and allowed to ferment (tìl/ti, 'life', + tab, 'to
burn').
tugul:	 hip, high (túg, 'cloh garment', + íla, 'to lift, carry').
(ñiš)tukul:	 mace (high bone ?); weapon.
tukum, tukun:	 if, in case; at once.
tukumbi:	 if, in case; please; certainly (usually followed by hamtu verb form).
túkur[KA×ŠE]:	 to gnaw, nibble; silence.
ubara[EZEN×KASKAL]:	 patronage, protection.
ubilla
(2):	 soot (ú, 'plant', + bil, 'to burn', + lal/lá, 'to be deficient, light, high').
ubur:	 female breast, teat (ub4, 'cavity', + ir(2), 'liquid secretion').
udug, utug:	 pitfall; a demonic being.
údug, útug:	 a weapon.
udul/utul(3,4,5,6,10):	 herdsman (udu, 'sheep', + lú, 'man') [UDUL archaic frequency:	 32; concatenates 4 sign
variants].
udun[GIR4]:	 kiln (for pottery and bricks); oven.
ugnim:	 crowd; army; troops; workgang; campaign.
ugra:	 reed bundle.
ugula [PA]:	 overseer; captain; foreman (loan from Akkadian waklu where Christopher Ehret's 1995
Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic has *wax "to look at").69
ugun[U.DAR/GÙN]:	 adorning speckles and lines; inlaid decoration (u, 'ten, many', + gùn, 'to decorate
wih colors' may be popular scribal etymology; cf., ug, 'lion, any deadly cat' + n, 'discrete point').
úgunu, úgun[GAŠAN]:	 lady, mistress, ruler; ointment, application.
ùgun, ugu(4):	 n., progenitor.
v., to beget, bear.
adj., natural, genetic.
ukum:	 dust (devil).
úkur:	 butcher (ug5, 'to kill', + kir, 'cow').
ukur
3,4, uku2,5:	 n., poor man; poverty.
v., to be or become poor.
úkuš:	 cucumber.
ulul
(2):	 binding; harness; leash, chain (u, 'ten, many', + lal, 'to strap, harness').
ulušin:	 emmer beer.
úlutin:	 attractive, attention-getting.
umah:	 marsh, swamp (u, 'plant', + mah, 'high').
umbin:	 nail; claw; talon; hoof; nail impression (on a clay tablet); hair pin; wheel (of a chariot, wagon)
[UMBIN archaic frequency:	 34; concatenates 4 sign variants].
umbisañ:	 scribe (umbin, 'nail impression [on a tablet]', + sañ, 'individual human').
ummeda
(2), éme:	 wetnurse; mammy (umu/um, 'nurse', + da, 'to hold, protect').
kušummud, ùmmu[EDIN.LÁ]:	 (goatskin) water bag.
umun:	 title of respect; Emesal dialect form of en.
úmun, umum:	 mold; raw form or material; idea; knowledge; scholarship [UMUN2 archaic frequency:	 114].
ùmun:	 flea; louse.
umun
5,6,11:	 (stagnant) pool; swamp; a swamp plant.
umuš, uš4:	 discernment; intelligence; reflection, consideration; decision (u6, 'to be impressed' + máš, 'to
examine, inspect').
unkin, ukkin:	 communal assembly, folkmoot (ùña/un, 'people', + kíñ/kin, 'to seek, fetch'; cf.,
unkin-ñar-ra) [UKKIN archaic frequency:	 108; concatenates 3 sign variants].
unug(2), unu(2):	 dwelling; fortress; jewelry, adornment; cheek; he city of Uruk (ùña/un, 'people', + ig,
'door') [UNUG archaic frequency:	 206; concatenates 3 sign variants].
ùnug, unu6 [TEMEN.ÈŠ = TE.AB]:	 elevated shrine, temple; living room; sanctuary.
uraš[IB]:	 earh; loincloh; secret.
úrdu[ARAD×KUR]:	 (cf., arad).
úrgu:	 ferocity, rage (ur + gù, 'barking dog').70
urim
2,5, uri2,5:	 doorpost (cf., ùru(-m)) [URI5 archaic frequency:	 21].
urin, ùri[ŠEŠ]:	 eagle; standard, emblem, banner; blood [ŠEŠ ZATU-523 archaic frequency:	 25;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
ursub
(2), urrub(2):	 (cf., zurzub(2)).
urudu, uruda, urud:	 copper; metal (ùru, 'luminous object', + dù, 'to mould, cast') [URUDU archaic
frequency:	 61; concatenates 3 sign variants].
urugal:	 he neherworld (uru, 'city', + gal, 'big').
urum, uru6, ur7:	 spawn, fry.
úrum, uru7:	 relatives, kin.
usan
(2):	 evening (cf., ú-si4 an).
ùsan:	 whip.
usug:	 (cf., uzug).
ušar
(2,3,4), ušur(2,3,4), usar:	 (female) companion, neighbor (uš, 'to support', + ára/ár, 'to
praise') [UŠUR3 archaic frequency:	 3; concatenates 3 sign variants].
ušbar:	 weaver.
ušbar
(3/7):	 faher-in-law; moher-in-law (ñìš/uš, 'man; penis', + bar, 'outside; foreign').
ušera:	 reed bundle (ú, 'plant', + šár, 'to be many').
(gi)ušub[SI.A/DIRIG]:	 basket (uš, 'to support, lift', + ub4, 'cavity, hole').
ušum, ušu:	 n., dragon, composite creature (uš11, 'snake venom', + am, 'wild ox').
adj., solitary, alone.
ušumgal:	 lord of all, sovereign; solitary; monster of composite powers, dragon (ušum, 'dragon', + gal,
'great') [UŠUMGAL archaic frequency:	 21].
utah, útu:	 dried, powdered milk; sky.
uttuku:	 (cf., níñ-ka9).
utua
(2):	 breed ram; breed bull (udu, 'sheep', + a, 'semen; faher') [UTUA archaic frequency:	 74; concatenates 2
sign variants].
utul:	 (cf., udul).
utul
2,7:	 pot, kettle, cauldron (ú, 'food', + tal, 'large jug').
uzalag, uzalak[GE22]:	 area measure, = 1/4 of an iku (= 25 sar).
uzug, usug:	 tihe, tenh-part set aside (hà/u, 'ten', + zag, 'outside of').
uzug2,3,4,5:	 menstruating woman; woman isolated after birh; person under a taboo (cf., ú-sug4) (úš,
'blood', + zìg, 'to expend, go out').
(ñiš)zabalam:	 juniper (cf., za-ba-lum) [? ZABALAM archaic frequency:	 45; concatenates 2 sign variants].
zabar[UD.KA.BAR]:	 bronze (zil; zi; zé, 'to pare, cut', + bar6, 'bright, white'; Akk. siparrum,
'bronze' borrowed before vowel harmony changed Sumerian word; cf., barzil, 'iron') [ZABAR archaic
frequency:	 1].71
zadim:	 jeweler; stone cutter (cf., za-dím) [ZADIM archaic frequency:	 2].
zalag(2); zal:	 n., light, brightness; he light before dawn, early morning.
v., to shine, gleam; to illuminate; to cleanse, purify (often reduplicated).
adj., bright, luminous, radiant; pure.
zanbur:	 prowling, roaming; foraging (said of animals).
zibin
(2):	 chrysalis, pupa; caterpillar (zi, 'life', + bun, 'blister').
zilulu[PA.ÑIŠGAL]:	 peddler; vagabond (zil, 'to flay, pare' ?, + lú-ùlu, 'people').
zipah, zapah[ŠU.BAD]:	 half; a lengh-measure, span = 1/2 cubit = 15 fingers = 25 cm. (ŠU.BAD:	
'open hand' - approx. distance measured by span of outstretched humb and little finger).
zizna:	 fish roe; abnormal growhs on a fetus.
zugud, zubud:	 a kind of club; a fish (cf. also, sukud).
zukum:	 to trample; to walk on; to step on (súg, plural 'to stand', + kum, 'to crush').
zurzub
(2), ursub(2), urrub(2):	 a container provided wih teat-shaped protuberances
(zur4, 'to spout, flow', + sub, 'to suckle').
a-a:	 faher (reduplicated 'offspring').
a-ab-ba:	 (cf., aba).
a-ah-du11-ga:	 (cf., ah-du11-ga).
a-ba:	 who (a, 'to', + bi, 'it', + a, 'he').
a-ba-al:	 'dry' asphalt (Akkadian loanword - abaalu, 'to be dry; to mourn', may be Orel & Stolbova
#2519).
a-bala:	 drawing of water (a, 'water', + bala, 'turn, duty').
a-da-ab:	 a type of song (also written as a-tab, 'burning tears' ?).
a-da-al-ta:	 from now on ('now' + 'from').
a-da gub-ba:	 water duty ('water' + 'near' + 'to stand' + nominative).
a-da-lam; i-da-al-àm:	 now ('now' + 'to be').
a-da-mìn:	 contest ('when' + 'wih' + 'an equal').
a-da-mìn...aka:	 to compete (wih someone:	 -da-) ('contest' + 'to do, make').
a-da-mìn...dug4/du11/e:	 to compete ('contest' + 'to speak, do, make').
a-da...tuš:	 to live near he water ('water' + 'near' + 'to dwell (singular)').
a-dar-túnku6:	 a fish ('water' + 'to slice' + 'to smash').
a...dé:	 to pour out water; to irrigate; to flood ('water' + 'to pour').
a-dé:	 fresh.72
a-dé-a:	 he yearly spring flood ('water' + 'to pour' + nominative).
a-dùg:	 freshwater ('water' + 'sweet, fresh').
a...dug4/e:	 to irrigate ('water' + 'to do').
a-dun-a:	 inshore fisherman (?) ('water' + 'lowly student' + nominative).
a-è-a:	 overflowing or breaks in levees ('water' + 'to emerge' + nominative).
A.EN-da-urudu:	 a type of copper.
a-eštubku6:	 high tide, early flood ('water' + 'river carp').
a-ga:	 back, backside; after; back room (cf., eñir).
a-ga...gur:	 to turn back ('back' + 'to return').
a-ga-am, a-ga-àm, a-ga-mu-um:	 artificial pond - a large, marshy, and permanent or
semi-permanent lake used as a reservoir to dispose of flood waters (prob. Akk. loanword).
a-ga-aš-gi4:	 he most awkward one ('in back' + 'he one' + 'to send, reject').
a-ga-bi-šè:	 afterwards ('after' + adverbial force suffix + 'towards').
a-ga-zu-ta:	 behind you ('back' + 'your' + 'from').
a-gáb:	 (cf., ugu4-bi).
a-gal:	 overflow of flood waters ('waters' + 'big').
a-gàr:	 irrigated field ('water; seed' + 'cake' ?).
a-gar5:	 lead, he metal.
a-gig:	 bitter tears ('water' + 'pain').
-a-gin7:	 as (= when) ...; in hat way; how! ('if, when' + 'like').
a-e...gu7(-a):	 eroded by he water ('water' + ergative agent marker + 'to consume' ( + nominative)).
a-gúb-ba:	 holy water ('water' + 'to purify' + nominative).
kuša-ñá-lá:	 leaher sack (for flour) ('water' + 'to store' + 'to lift, carry').
a-ñá-ri-in:	 a flat area (measured in sar) (cf., ñarim).
A-ñar:	 (cf., e5-ñar).
a...ñar/ñá-ñá:	 to irrigate; to be submerged ('water' + 'to store; to deposit, deliver').
a-ñi6(-a):	 flood ('water' + 'to be black' + nominative).
a-šè...ñin/gub:	 to go to fetch water ('water' + 'to he' + 'to go').
a-hur-rum:	 (cf., hu-ru(-um)).
a-ia
10-lum:	 stag (Akkadian loanword).
a...íl:	 to carry water ('water' + 'to lift, carry').
a-ka:	 (cf., úgu).
a-kúm:	 hot water ('water' + 'hot').73
a-la, a-la-la:	 exclamation, often of joy; exuberance ('tears' + 'happiness').
a-lu:	 adjective for small cattle.
a-lum:	 adjective for sheep.
a-ma-ru:	 destructive flood ('water' + 'to go' + 'to send'; cf., u18-ru).
a-mah:	 flood, overflow, bursting of a dam ('water' + 'high, mighty').
a-maš:	 sheepfold (cf., amaš).
a-MI:	 (cf., a-ñi6).
a-na:	 what (a,'to', + ni,'he, she', + a,'he').
a-na me-a-bi:	 as many as hey are; all of it ('what here is of it').
a-na-àm:	 hus; why ('what' + enclitic copula).
a-na-àm...aka:	 what (will/did) X do?.
a-na-aš(-am):	 why? (why is it hat ...?) ('what' + 'one'[ + 'to be']).
a-na-gim, a-na-gin7-nam:	 how ('what' + 'like'[ + abstract process]).
a-ne:	 (cf., e-ne).
a-nir:	 lamentation, dirge ('tears' + 'to raise high').
a-nu-gi4-a:	 (cf., á-nu-gi4-a).
a numun-sañ-ñá:	 water of he first seeds = watering of seeds just planted ('water' + 'seeds' + 'first' +
genitive).
úa-númun:	 reeds, rushes ('water' + 'grass, rushes').
a-pa4:	 funerary pipe (a clay pipe hrough which water and beer were poured into he grave) ('water' + 'small
canal').
a...ra:	 to ejaculate ('seminal fluid' + 'to strike, overflow').
a-ra-zu:	 prayer, rite ('tears' + 'to overflow' + 'to inform').
a-ra-zu...e:	 to say a prayer [often introduces direct, quoted speech in he texts].
a-rá:	 way, road; times (multiplication) ('where' + 'to go, carry [plural]'; cf., a-ri-a).
a-rá-bumušen:	 duck ('water' + 'to go [plural]' + 'to pull, tear out').
a-ri-a, a-ru-a:	 district; desert, waste land ('where' + remote demonstrative affix + nominative).
a...ri:	 to engender ('semen' + 'to pour into').
a...ru:	 to dedicate; to give as a votive gift (wih dative) ('water' + 'to send').
a-sa-ga:	 propitious water ('water' + sa6-ga, 'to win fortune').
a-sal-bar:	 architrave ('water' + 'to spread' + 'to distribute, remove').
a...si:	 to be filled wih water ('water' + 'to fill up').
a-silim:	 potion ('water' + 'healh').74
a-šà-(g):	 field; area ('seed' + 'womb'; cf., a-gàr; ašag).
a-šà-dib(-dib)-ba:	 he act of trimming he fields and levees of vegetation in preparation for
drainage and irrigation ('fields' + 'to seize, bind, take away' + nominative).
a-ša4:	 (cf., á-še).
a-še-ra:	 lamentation.
a-šed12:	 cool water ('water' + 'cool').
a-(IM)šèñ-ñá:	 rainwater ('water' + 'rain' + genitive).
a-šeš:	 bitter, brackish water ('water' + 'bitter, brackish').
-a-ta:	 after ... ('when' + 'away from').
a...tab:	 to hold or block water ('water' + 'to hold').
a-tar...aka:	 to play; to mock ('water' + 'to cut, break' + 'to do, act').
a...tu
5:	 to bahe ('water' + 'to wash').
a-tu
5-a:	 lustration ('water' + 'to wash' + nominative).
a...tùm:	 to flow wih water ('water' + 'to bring, carry').
a-tur-ra, a-tùr, é-tùr:	 hollow (of he furrow) ? ('water' + 'birh-hut' for a plant seed ?;
related to Orel & Stolbova #1323, *hadar- "darkness" ?).
a-ù:	 high water, spring flood ('water' + 'high').
a-u4-te-na:	 at he cool of he day ('when' + 'day' + ten,'coolness').
a-u
5-ba...ñál:	 to be at its high tide ('when' + 'on top' + bi,'its', + a,nominative, + 'to be').
a-ugu4[KU]:	 he faher who begot one ('semen' + 'to procreate').
a úš-a:	 to dam up water ('water' + 'piling up an earhen dam').
a-zi-ga:	 rising waters ('water' + 'to rise up' + nominative).
a-zu; a-zu5; a-su:	 physician (cf., azu).
á...áñ:	 to command; to instruct (someone:	 -da-) ('strengh' + 'to check').
á-áñ-ñá:	 instructions, orders ('strengh' + 'to check', + a, nominalizer).
á-an-zú-lum-ma:	 date clusters; raceme ('arm, wing' + 'sky, high' + 'date fruit').
ñišá-apin:	 part of a seeder plow ('arm' + 'plow').
á-áš:	 what one needs ('strengh' + 'to wish, desire').
á-bi ba-ma-ta:	 at one-half its hire price ('wages' + 'its' + 'to divide' + 'to go' + 'from').
á...búru:	 to open he wings ('wings' + 'to spread out').
á-dab
5:	 hirelings ('wages' + 'to hire').
á-dah:	 help; ally ('strengh' + 'to add').
á-dam:	 settlement; levy ('wages' + 'spouse').75
á...dar:	 to confiscate ('wages' + 'to split').
á...dúb; á-dúb...aka:	 to flap one's wings (wih -šè and -ši-, to fly towards) ('wings' + 'to
flap' + 'to do').
á-ní-za...dúb:	 to be (supported) on your own ('wings' + 'self' + 'your' + 'to flap').
á...è:	 to bring up, rear; to take care ('strengh' + 'to emerge').
á-gàr:	 embrace (?) ('arms' + 'somehing round and upraised').
á-gi4-a:	 reimbursed wages ('wages' + 'to return, restore' + nominative).
á-gú-zi-ga:	 early morning ('arms' + 'necks' + 'rising', + a, nominalizer).
á...gur:	 to bend he arm ('arm' + 'circular motion').
á guruš-bi:	 workmen's wages ('wages' + 'workers' + 'its').
á...ñar:	 to act strongly; to oppress; to resist; to reinforce ('strengh' + 'to establish').
á-ñe6-ba-a:	 at night ('side' + 'dark' + 'to divide' + locative).
Á-KAL:	 strengh; plow extension ('arm' + 'strong').
á kaskal-la:	 migrant harvest workers ('arms, work performance' + 'road, caravan, journey' +
genitive).
itiá-ki-ti:	 calendar monh 7 at Ur during Ur III; monh 6 at Drehem hrough year 3 of Šu-Sin; calendar
monh 7 at Drehem after Šu-Sin 3.
á-kúš-ù:	 to prevail ('strengh' + 'to be tired').
á-lá:	 fettered legs; paralyzed arms ('arms' + 'to bind').
ñišá-lá:	 a device for moving irrigation water, involving a water bucket hanging from a swinging beam
('arm' + 'to hang').
kušá-lá:	 drum ('side' + 'to bind').
á-mi:	 (cf., ama(4,5), áme).
á-ná-da:	 bed chamber ('side, wing' + 'bed').
á-nu-gi4-a:	 irresistable ('strengh' + 'not' + 'to answer, return' + nominative).
á-sàñ[PA]:	 disease; sickness demon ('strengh' + 'to scatter').
kušá-si:	 whip ('arm' + 'antenna-like').
á-sikil(-la):	 pure, undiluted strengh ('strengh' + 'pure' + nominative).
á...sud/sù:	 to move [intransitive] (reduplication class) ('arm' + 'to stretch').
á-suh:	 elbow; bolt, bar ('arm' + 'to relocate').
(urudu/zabar)á-sur:	 a type of ax ('arm' + 'to divide').
á-še:	 attention-getting exclamation:	 'hey now!'.
á-šita4, á-šu-du7:	 parts, components (of he plow); equipment ('arm' + 'to join'/'to complete').
á...-ta:	 at he prompting of; by means of he strengh of ('strengh' + instrumental suffix).76
á...tál:	 to have broad arms; to spread wings or arms ('arms; wings' + 'to be broad; to spread').
á-tuku:	 strengh; able-bodied; mighty man ('arms; strengh' + 'to have').
á-u4-te-en:	 in he evening ('side' + 'daylight' + 'to extinguish, cool down').
á-úr:	 limb, limbs, extremities ('arms' + 'legs':	 Sumerian example of asyndetic hendiadys).
á-zi(-da):	 right arm; wih hitting, violence ('arm' + 'good, firm, right' + 'wih').
ab-(ba):	 (cf., aba).
ab-ba:	 faher; elder; ancestor (Akk. loanword).
ñišab-ba:	 (cf., ñiš-ab-ba(-k)).
ab-ba-uru:	 city elder ('elder' + 'city').
itiab(-ba)-è:	 calendar monh 10 at Nippur during Ur III.
ab-ki-iz:	 clean furrow, unobstructed by weeds ('niche' + 'trimmed').
ab-làl:	 phonetic writing of ablal(3).
ab-sín; ab-si-im-ma; ab-sù-na:	 furrow ('niche' + 'to sift').
ab-sín-gilim-ba/ma:	 crossing, transversal furrow, possibly for drainage ('furrow' + 'to cross plow'
( + 'its') + nominative).
áb-ama:	 moher cow ('cow' + 'moher').
áb-amar:	 moher cow ('cow' + 'calf').
áb-gir15/gi7[KU]:	 domestic cow ('cow' + 'domestic').
áb-gud-há:	 herd ('cow' + 'bull' + 'assorted, mixed').
áb-máh[AL]:	 cow in 3rd year of life hat has calved ('cow' + 'calf').
áb-sañ:	 a piece of tableware (?).
áb-úr:	 a piece of tableware (?).
ad-da:	 (cf., ada).
ad...gi4:	 to echo; to ponder; to take counsel (wih someone:	 -da-) ('shout' + 'to answer').
ad...gi4-gi4:	 to give counsel; to converse (confidentially) (cf., ad...gi4).
ad-kub4[KID]:	 reed weaver; wicker-worker; maker of reed mats, boats, and containers.
ad-kíd:	 reed mat plaiter ('faher' + kid, 'reed mat').
ad...ša4:	 to wail; to resound; to sing ('song' + 'to mourn').
ad-tab:	 rein(s) ('shout' + 'to hold; to be double').
aga(3)-ús:	 policeman; companion, attendant; soldier ('crown' + 'to follow').
àga-rí(-na):	 (cf., agarin(2,3) or agarin4,5).
ah-du11-ga:	 spittle (of sorcery) ('spittle' + 'utterance').
ah...uš7[KA×LI]:	 to spit ('saliva' + 'spittle').77
-/ak-eš/:	 because (genitival suffix + adverbial suffix).
al...aka:	 to work at hoeing ('hoe' + 'to do').
al...di/dug4/e:	 to desire, pray, demand, insist (often wih -ni-) ('hoe' + 'to make he motion of').
al...dù:	 to hoe ground hat is already broken ('hoe' + 'to mould, shape').
al-gazumx [ZUM+LAGAB]:	 an exotic spice.
ñišal-ñar:	 musical instrument ('hoe' + 'form, appearance').
ñišal-ñar-sur9:	 musical instrument (ñišal-ñar, + 'to hang, suspend' [suru5 ?]).
ñišal-la-an:	 oak tree (Akk. loanword from allaanum, 'oak', cf., Orel & Stolbova #31 *'alan-/*'alun-
'tree').
al-la-ha-ru:	 a tanning agent used to produce a white color.
al-lu
5:	 crab ('digger' + 'to deceive').
al-lub/lu5:	 a type of ax (phonetic harmony variant of al-šub ?).
al-lu
5-háb:	 a type of net (for crabs ?) ('crab' + 'to stink').
ñišal...ri/ra:	 to demolish wih he hoe; to punish ('hoe' + 'to break open; to strike').
ñišal-šub:	 ax-like hoe ('hoe' + 'to hrow; to fell').
al...tag:	 to hoe ('hoe' + 'to handle').
ñišal-tar:	 demolishing tool (?) ('hoe' + 'to cut, break').
am-si:	 elephant ('wild ox' + 'horn, ray, antenna'; cf., šu-si, 'finger').
ama-a-tu/tud:	 (cf., emedu).
ama-ar-gi4:	 freedom ('moher' + 'to shine' + 'to restore').
ama-gan; ama-ugu:	 natural or birh moher ('moher' + ùgun, ugu(4), 'to beget').
itiamar-a-a-si:	 calendar monh 10 at Lagaš during Ur III.
amar-kud:	 separated, weaned young animal ('calf' + 'to cut away from').
an-ba:	 refuse; litter; dirt ('open air' + 'to give up').
AN.BAR:	 (cf., barzil).
an-bar
7[NE]; an-bar:	 noon; midday ('sky' + 'to be bright').
an-bir
8[A-SUD]:	 noon; midday rest ('sky' + 'to be hot' ['WATER' + 'TO SIP']).
an-dùl:	 shade; protection ('sky' + 'to cover, protect').
an-edin:	 high plain ('high' + 'steppe').
an-ga-àm:	 likewise (cf., in-ga-na-nam).
an-gur4:	 (cf., engur).
an-ñá:	 and yet (affirmative prefix ? + 'exists').
an-kára:	 (cf., enkara).78
an-ki:	 universe ('sky' + 'earh').
AN.MUL:	 starry sky (verify han AN is not he rare sign ŠÚ; cf., kunga[ŠÚ.MUL]).
an-na:	 tin; yes ('sky' + 'stone'; Civil hinks an-na, 'yes', is probably an Akkadianism, but cf., affirmative nanam, 'indeed' and in-nu, 'negation').
an-na...dug4/e:	 to say yes ('yes' + 'to say').
an-nisig(-ga):	 beautiful sky, blue sky ('sky' + 'beautiful, blue').
an-pa:	 zenih ('sky' + 'branch' of sun dial ?).
an-SAR:	 (cf., an-nisig).
an-sig7-ga:	 he beautiful sky ('sky' + 'to be beautiful' + nominative).
an-ša4-anki:	 Anshan - place name for powerful city in Elam - Tall-i Malyan near Persepolis in he Fars
province of Iran.
an-šár(-ra):	 all of heaven, he whole sky ('heaven' + 'totality, horizon').
an-še:	 ear of grain ('grain ear' + 'grain, barley').
an-ta:	 above ('heaven' + locative wih remote deixis).
an-ta-ñál:	 high, superior ('sky; high' + 'from' + 'to be').
an-ta...gi4:	 to meet ('heaven' + 'from' + 'to return').
an-ta-sur-ra:	 a stone ('heaven' + 'from' + 'boundary marker' + nominative).
an-ub-da:	 regions; "quarter" ('sky' + 'corners' + 'wih').
an-úr:	 horizon ('sky' + 'base, floor').
an-uraš:	 heaven and earh; universe ('heaven' + 'earh').
an-usan:	 evening ('sky' + 'evening').
an-za-kàr:	 tower, fort ('heaven' + 'stone' + 'round, high hing').
an-zag, an-zà:	 where heaven ends ('heaven' + 'side, boundary').
an-zah:	 heated or fused lead (an, 'tin' + 'to be calm').
anše-bala:	 pack-ass ('equid' + 'to cross over, deliver').
anše-bar-an-mi2:	 female donkey ('equid' + 'foreign' + 'high' + 'female').
anše-bar-an-nita2:	 male donkey ('equid' + 'foreign' + 'high' + 'male').
anše-bìr:	 ass yoked in a team ('equid' + 'team').
anše-dub:	 ass registered on a tablet ('equid' + 'tablet').
anše-du24-ùr:	 (cf., dur9[ŠUL]).
anše-edin-na:	 wild ass ('equid' + 'steppe' + a(k), genitival postposition).
anše-ñiš:	 workass ('equid' + 'tool').
ANŠE-ka:	 one of he best groups of people.79
anše-kunga(2):	 mule ('horse' + 'donkey').
anše-mar:	 chariot or wagon ass ('equid' + 'wagon').
itiapin-dug-a:	 calendar monh 8 at Nippur during Ur III.
APIN-lal:	 cultivating leasehold land ('plow' + 'to pay').
ñišapin-numun:	 plow fitted wih seeder attachment ('plow' + 'seed').
apin-ús:	 plowman's helper ('plow' + 'to follow; to be next to').
ar
(2)...de6/túmu:	 to praise ('praise' + 'to bring').
ñiš
ar-ga-nu-um:	 a coniferous tree (Akkadian loanword ?).
ár...e/i:	 to praise ('praise' + 'to speak; to send forh').
aš-me:	 sparkle, glimmer; sundisk; star symbol; rosette ('unique' + 'function, power').
áš á-zi-ga...bal:	 to curse wih violence ('curse' + 'raised arms' + 'to deliver').
áš...bal:	 to curse ('curse' + 'to deliver').
áš...dug4/e:	 to curse ('curse' + 'to speak/effect').
SALÁŠ.GÀR:	 (cf., zeh).
áš...gi4:	 to answer wih a curse ('curse' + 'to answer').
áš...mú:	 to curse ('curse' + 'to blow, speak').
áš...sar:	 to curse ('curse' + 'to write').
ñišaz-gú:	 neck-stock ('fetter' + 'neck').
ba-ab-si:	 it is more (conjugation prefix + inanimate direct object prefix + 'to be full, sufficient').
ba-al:	 to dig (a canal); to channel ('to divide' + 'digging stick').
ba-an:	 a measure for bread and flour.
ñišba-an:	 a container.
ba-ba:	 pudding, malt-sweetened porridge.
ba-da-ra:	 poniard (Akk. patarru , pattaru ).
ba-lá:	 it is less (conjugation prefix + 'light, deficient').
ba-rV:	 to fly, flee (cf., bad, bar).
ba-ra:	 modal prefix - wih marû denotes vetitive; wih hamtu denotes negative affirmative.
ba-ra(-g):	 to spread out (cf., bara4).
ñišba-rí-ga:	 bushel; square-based measuring vessel = 6 bán in all periods (= 36 liters in Old
Sumerian period and 60 liters in Old Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian period) (cf., bariga).
ba-ta-tur; ba-ra-tur:	 it is short (conjugation prefix + earlier/later ablative case prefix + 'small,
insufficient').
ba-za:	 halt or lame person (cf., ki...za).80
ba-zi:	 dispersed ('to divide' + 'to go out').
bàd-niñin:	 circular city wall ('city wall' + 'enclosure, circle').
bàd-si:	 parapet, battlement ('city wall' + 'long, narrow').
bàd-si-an-na:	 high battlements ('parapet' + 'to be high' + nominative).
bàd-šul-hi; bàd-sìl-hi:	 outer wall ('city wall' + 'invader'/'pah' + 'numerous').
bala-šè...aka:	 to transport ('goods delivery' + 'towards' + 'to do').
bala-dab
5-ba:	 worker hired to work for a bala' period ('term' + 'to hire' + nominative).
bala éš-kàr:	 fraction of an assignment ('term, portion' + 'work assignment').
bala-gub-ba:	 worker stationed to work for a bala' period ('term' + 'to stand' + nominative).
ñišbala...sir
5:	 to spin wih a spindle ('spindle' + 'to spin').
balañ-íl:	 harp or lyre carrier ('harp' + 'to lift').
balañ-ír-ra:	 lamentation harp ('harp' + 'lamentation' + genitival a(k)).
bàn-da:	 (cf., bànda).
bar...aka:	 to choose; to examine ('to open; to see; to select' + 'to do').
bar-tam...(ak):	 to choose ('to open; to see; to select' + 'polished, shiny' [ + 'to do']).
(ñiš)bar-bar:	 part of a weaver's loom (shuttle ?).
ñišbar-bé-da:	 a tool.
bar...dab
5:	 to escape ('outside' + 'to take away').
bar...dag:	 to wander far away ('outside' + 'to roam about').
ñišbar-dil:	 a type of plow (rare outside of lexical lists).
bar-dúb-ba:	 a good price ('to split, distribute' + 'to knock down' + nominative).
ñišbar-e11-dè:	 rope braiding lever ('outside' + 'to descend' + participial ending).
bar-edin-na:	 edge of he desert ('side' + 'steppe' + genitival a(k)).
bar-ég-ga:	 outer side of he levee ('outer side' + 'levee' + genitival a(k)).
bar...gub:	 to step outside ('outside' + 'to stand').
bar-ta...gub:	 to wihdraw from ('side' + 'to stand aside').
bar-gùn-gùn-nu:	 chameleon ('sides' + reduplicated 'to be multicolored' + nominative wih vowel
harmony).
bar...ñál:	 to be outside; to be extra ('outside' + 'to be').
bar-ñál-la:	 unsheared ('fleece' + 'to be in place' + nominative).
bar-lá:	 part of an irrigation system ('outside' + 'to lift').
bar-LU:	 one of he best wool blends.
bar-rim4[KAŠ4](-ma):	 dry land ('to uncover' + 'to travel fast'?; cf., parim).81
bar-šèñ-ñá(-e):	 violence; mist ('outside' + 'to rain' + loc./term. suffix).
(mi)bar-šu-ñál:	 midwife ('innards' + 'hand' + 'to place').
bar-TÚG:	 a long coat ('outside' + 'woven garment').
bar-ùl[KIB]:	 dog chain ('outside' + 'leash').
bar-úsurudu:	 copper-tipped goading stick ('side?; metal?' + 'to drive'; cf., kak-ús).
itibára-zà-ñar:	 calendar monh 1 at Nippur during Ur III.
bar
6-bar6:	 (some prefer his reading, but cf., bábbar).
bar
7-bar7-ra:	 flames (reduplicated 'to shine' + nominative).
-bi-da(-ke4):	 and ('wih it').
bi-bi-zé:	 to drip (reduplicated biz, 'to pour').
bi-iz:	 drop (of water); dripping, melting (cf., biz, 'to pour').
bí-ra:	 mixed, mingled (bir,'to scatter, mix' + nominative).
bí-za-za:	 frog (za,'a repeated, monotonous noise').
bir...aka:	 to sow broadcast (not in furrows wih a plow); to dehusk ('to scatter' + 'to do').
bír-bír:	 (cf., babbar).
bìr-inim-kéš-de
6:	 contractually bound worker ('team' + 'oah, agreement' + 'to bind').
ñišbìr-mar:	 wagon yoke ('team' + 'wagon').
bu-lu-úh...si-il:	 to belch ('to tear out' + 'to be numerous' + 'saliva' + 'to tear apart').
bu-úh; bu-luh:	 to tremble ('to tear out' + 'saliva' or 'to clean'; cf., buluh).
gibún-ñìr:	 feet bellows ('to blow; bellows' + 'foot').
gibún-šu:	 hand bellows ('to blow; bellows' + 'hand').
bur-BÚN.SÁ:	 a stone vessel.
bur-šál-la:	 a stone vessel ('stone vessel' + 'measuring pot' + nominative).
buru14...su-su:	 to have he harvest be drowned (by spring floods bursting he dikes) ('harvest' + 'to
drown').
lúda-ba-ri-ri:	 contortionist (cf., da-ri).
da-da-ga:	 (cf., dadag).
da-ga:	 organization; chamber (dag,'to stretch' + nominative).
ñišda-pa:	 part of a seeder plow (?).
da-ra-an-šub:	 negligence ('to drop, let fall').
da...ri:	 to pay off a delivery (?; wih dative) ('to protect' + 'to exchange').
da-ri:	 to bend (limbs) ('arm' + rig; ri,'to pull').
da-ri:	 driver (of animals) ('to protect' + rig; ri,'to bring, tend').82
da-ri-a:	 driven (animal) (da-ri + nominative).
da-rí[URU]:	 long-lasting, enduring, eternal ('near, present' + remote demonstrative affix ?).
da-rí-šè:	 forever ('eternal' + 'towards').
lúdab
5-ba:	 hired man ('to hire' + nominative).
dag-gi4-a:	 city quarter ('dwellings' + 'to surround, lock up' + nominative).
dañal-búru:	 spread out over a wide extent ('wide' + 'to spread out').
dañal-tag(-ga):	 widely based ('wide' + 'to handle, touch' + nominative).
dal-ba(-an)-na:	 between (dalla, 'beam, ray' + 'to divide' + ?).
dalla...è:	 to shine; to appear; to make clear; to make resplendent ('beam of light' + 'to become visible').
dam-ab-ba:	 (professional) mourners ('spouse' + 'elder, ancestor').
ñišdam-apin:	 part of a seeder plow ('spouse' + 'plow').
dam-gàr(-a):	 merchant (Akk. loanword from tamkaarum, 'merchant', cf., makaarum 'to do business').
dam-ha-ra:	 battle (Akk. loanword from tamhaaru(m) ).
dam...tuku/du12-du12:	 to marry ('spouse' + 'to get').
dar-ra:	 cured, dried (?).
dè-dal:	 ashes ('ashes' + 'to fly').
di-bi-da:	 donkey ('to go, conduct oneself' + 'it' + 'wih').
di...dab
5:	 to take up a lawsuit ('lawsuit' + 'to take').
di-dab
5-ba:	 decision ('decision' + 'to take' + nominative).
di-di:	 to play (an instrument) (cf., dug4).
di...dug4/du11/e:	 to conduct a trial; to give a claim; to sue someone (wih -da-) ('lawsuit' + 'to
effect').
di...gub:	 to judge ('judgment' + 'to set up').
di-ir-ga:	 cultic organization center.
di-kud/ku5:	 judge; judgment ('decision' + 'to cut off').
di...kud/ku5:	 to judge ('decision' + 'to cut off').
di-kúr:	 alien, hostile judgment ('decision' + 'hostile').
di-li-du-a:	 (cf., dili-du(-a)).
di-ri:	 (cf., dirig).
di-til-la:	 law case for which a final decision has been given ('verdict' + 'to complete' + nominative).
di
4-di4-ba:	 walking about (phonetic for dib, reduplicated + nominative).
di
4-di4-la:	 children.
ñišdib-dib:	 clepsydra, water clock (onomatopoeic or reduplicated 'to pass, traverse').83
diñir-da...nu-me-a:	 wihout a (personal) god ('god' + 'wih' + 'not' + 'to be' + nominative).
dili-dili, dil-dil:	 one by one (cf., didli) (reduplicated 'one').
dili-du(-a):	 walking alone; individual (dili, 'alone' + 'to walk' + nominative).
dìm-šáh:	 bear (he animal) ('sickness demon' ? + 'domestic pig').
DIM
4.SAR(-d):	 maltman.
dirig-...-še:	 beyond ('to go over' + 'to he').
DU.DU:	 (cf., lah5).
du-lum:	 burden, labor, work ('to walk' + 'to make productive').
du-rí:	 (cf., da-rí).
DU-zu:	 (read arax-zu; cf., a-ra-zu).
dú-ru-na(-àm):	 (cf., duruna).
itidu
6-kù:	 calendar monh 7 at Nippur during Ur III.
du
6-ul:	 to heap up, store, gaher (cf., dul(6)).
du
7-na-bi:	 adv., in he proper way; if you please ('fitting, suitable' + ? + adverbial force suffix).
du
8-du8:	 weaned young (reduplicated 'to untie, loosen').
du
10:	 (cf., dùg).
du
10-sa:	 friend, companion ('gladness' + 'to repay').
du
10-ús:	 road ('good' + 'to follow').
du11-ga:	 utterance; speech ('to speak' + nominative).
du14...ak/ñar:	 to quarrel (wih someone:	 -da-) ('quarrel' + 'to do').
du14...mú:	 to start a quarrel ('quarrel' + 'to ignite').
du24-ùr:	 (cf., dur9[ŠUL]).
lúdub-alal-urudu:	 a temple servant ('to pour' + 'pipe' + 'copper').
gidub-ba-an:	 pillar made of reeds; a fence made of such pillars ('to heap up' + 'to divide' + 'to be high').
dub-bi...bala:	 to go over he account (wih -da-) ('tablet' + 'its' + 'to pass hrough').
dub-dab...za:	 to hud, hump (see he definition for za).
dub-lá:	 platforms on eiher side of a portal ('to heap up' + 'to lift').
dub-sañ:	 leader ('list' + 'head').
dub-sar:	 scribe ('tablet' + 'to write').
dub-sar-tur:	 young scribe ('scribe' + 'small, young').
dub-sar:	 scribe ('tablet' + 'to write').
dub-šen:	 copper box, treasure chest ('to store' + 'shiny').84
dug-a-nag-nag:	 water drinking vessel ('vessel' + 'water' + reduplicated 'to drink').
dug-níñ-nag:	 drinking vessel ('vessel' + 'object' + 'to drink').
dug-tur:	 a standard capacity jar = 5 liters ('jar' + 'little').
dùg/du10...aka:	 to repair ('gladness' + 'to make, cause').
dùg...bad(-bad):	 to stride, hurry ('knees' + 'to open').
dùg...dúb:	 to rub he knees (?) ('knees' + 'to flop').
kušdùg-gan:	 leaher bag ('gladness' + 'to bring forh').
dùg...gúr:	 to sit down; to rest ('knees' + 'to bend').
dùg...ñál:	 to be pleased, satisfied ('gladness' + 'to be available').
dùg...ñar:	 to kneel down, for someone:	 dative ('knees' + 'to place').
dùg-tuku:	 strong-legged ('knees' + 'to own').
dùg-ud-ak:	 politeness (cf., dùg/du10...aka).
dùg...zil:	 to run, flee ('knees' + 'to cut').
dum-dam...za:	 to grumble (see he definition for za).
dumu-aš:	 only son ('child' + 'one').
dumu-dab
5-ba:	 serf ('child' + 'to seize, hire').
DUMU-DUMU-LA:	 (cf., di4-di4-la).
dumu-ga.eš8:	 deputy (?) of a merchant ('child' + 'merchantman').
dumu-gal:	 eldest son or daughter ('child' + 'large').
dumu-gir15/gi7:	 freeborn man, Sumerian [in contrast to slaves from foreign countries] ('child' +
'native group').
dumu-KA:	 grandson.
dumu-lú:	 gentleman ('child' + 'gentleman').
dumu-lugal(-/ak/):	 prince ('child' + 'king' + genitive).
dumu-mí:	 daughter ('child' + 'feminine').
dumu-mí-lugal(-/ak/):	 princess ('child' + 'female' + 'king' + genitive).
dumu-me-KA.UD:	 a cult servant ('child' + 'function' + ?).
dumu-nitah:	 son; (cf., ibila) ('child' + 'masculine').
dumu-sañ:	 first-born child ('child' + 'principal').
dumu-tab:	 twin sons ('child' + 'pair').
dumu-tu-da:	 son (born) of ('child' + 'to beget' + nominative).
iti ddumu-zi:	 calendar monh 12 at Umma during Ur III.
(lú)
DUN-a:	 dependent (on), subordinate ('subordinate' + nominative).85
ñišdun-gi:	 a tool; a type of yoke (?) ('to scrape, dig' + 'reed' or 'firm, strong').
dùn-lá:	 depression ('to bring low' + 'to hang'; cf., íl-lá, 'elevation').
dúr-dúr:	 dam to create a reservoir; (cf., duruna; durunx) (reduplicated 'buttocks; to dry out').
dúr...ñar:	 to sit ('buttocks' + 'to set down upon').
dúr-ki...ñar:	 to establish one's dwelling ('to dwell (plural)' + 'place' + 'to establish').
ñišdúr-ñar:	 chair; hrone.
dúr-ru-un:	 to sit (plural); (cf., duruna; tuš).
dúr-šáh:	 ham ('buttocks' + 'domestic pig').
dùr-KAS4:	 donkey foal.
dur
10-tab-ba:	 double ax ('ax' + 'to be double' + nominative).
dusu...lá:	 to carry a basket ('transportation basket' + 'to lift').
e-el[SIKIL]-lu:	 a (pure) sound (Akkadian ellu, 'clear, pure').
kuše-íb-ùr:	 siege shield ('dike' + 'middle, loins' + 'roof').
e-li-lum:	 cry of joy.
e-ne:	 he, she; him, her.
e-ne-àm:	 he is indeed (formal 3rd person pronoun + 'to be').
e-ne...dug4/di/du11/e:	 to play (3rd person pronoun + 'to do').
e-ne-gim:	 like himself (3rd person pronoun + equative).
e-ne-ne:	 hey; hem.
e-ne-sù-ud...dug4/du11/e:	 to rejoice; to copulate (wih -da-) ('to play' + sud, 'to lenghen;
to immerse').
e-pa5(-r):	 hydraulic system (of a particular farmer or of he land as a whole) ('levees' + 'irrigation
ditches'; asyndetic hendiadys).
ñiše-ra-núm:	 a tree and wood used for construction (cf., erin, eren).
e-re-sì-ki-in:	 servant (?).
e-ri-iš:	 queen, lady.
e-si-na; ì-si-na:	 culm or stalk of barley.
kuše-sír:	 sandal; shoe (cf., èsir).
e-sír-ra:	 in he streets ('sandals' + locative).
e-še-á:	 a type of canal or ditch.
e-ùr:	 armor (cf., kuše-íb-ùr).
e-zé:	 you.
é-a-nir-ra:	 house of mourning ('house' + 'lamentation' + genitive).86
é-a-nir-ra-gal-gal-la:	 euphemism for he neherworld ('house of mourning' + reduplicated
'big' + genitive).
é-a...ti(-l):	 to live in a house ('house' + locative + 'to live').
é-ad-da(-/ak/):	 he house of one's fahers ('house' + 'faher' + genitive).
é-an-na:	 sanctuary ('house' + 'Heaven' + genitive).
é-anše:	 donkey stable ('house' + 'equid').
é-ba-an:	 an adjective denoting a very fine quality.
é-BAPPIR:	 (cf., é-lùnga).
é-bar-ra:	 outer house ('house' + 'outside' + nominative).
é...bùr:	 to break into a house (reduplication class) ('house' + 'to break into').
é-da[-di-a]:	 a flour offering.
é-dù-a:	 house plot ('house' + 'to build' + nominative).
é-dub-ba:	 archive; school ('house' + 'tablet' + genitival a(k)).
é-duru
5:	 hamlet, rural settlement, suburb ('houses' + 'fresh'; cf., Akk. adurû, 'village, outpost' and Orel &
Stolbova #658, *dar- 'dwelling place').
é-ta...è:	 to leave he house ('house' + 'from' + 'to exit').
é-éše:	 jail ('house' + 'rope').
é-gal:	 palace ('house' + 'large').
é-ganba:	 warehouse ('house' + 'marketplace').
é-ñar:	 form, shape ('house' + 'form, appearance').
é-ñar8:	 brick wall (cf., eñar).
é-gi4-a:	 daughter-in-law; prospective bride ('he one who restores he house').
é-ì-gára:	 dairy ('house' + 'fat' + 'cream').
itié-iti-6:	 calendar monh 8 at Umma during Ur III.
é-kaš:	 a public house, pub ('house' + 'beer').
é-KI.LAM:	 a storehouse ('house' + 'place' + 'abundance').
é-na4kín-na:	 mill house, mill ('house' + 'millstone' + genitival a(k)).
é-kišib(-ba):	 storehouse ('house' + 'receipt' + genitival a(k)).
é-kur:	 prison ('house' + 'neherworld').
é-lunga(2,3):	 beerhall; brewery ('house' + 'brewer').
é-mar-uru
5[GUR8]:	 arrow quiver ('house' + 'to immerse' + 'high, deep').
é-me-eš:	 summer ('houses' + 'are' + 'many').
é-mí:	 "woman's house" ('house' + 'woman').87
é-muhaldim[MU]:	 bakery, kitchen ('house' + 'baker, cook').
é-NI:	 treasure-house (?).
é-níñ(-gur11[GA]-ra):	 storehouse, treasure-house ('house' + 'hings' [ + 'piled up']; cf., sañ-
níñ-gur11-ra(-ak)).
lúé-níñ-ka:	 (cf., lú-é-níñ-ka).
É-NUN:	 (cf., agrun).
é-ri-a:	 (cf., a-ri-a).
é si-ga:	 a quiet house ('house' + 'silence').
é-sig4:	 wall ('house' + 'brick'; cf., iz-zi).
é-šag4/šà:	 house interior; (temple) cella ('house, temple' + 'midst').
é-šu-sì-ma:	 warehouse ('house' + 'portion' + 'to put, surround' + 'to bind').
é-ñištukul:	 armory ('house' + 'weapon').
é-tùr:	 cattle pen ('house' + 'stable').
é-u4-sakar[SAR]:	 new moon ('house' + 'day' + 'to begin').
é-u4-7:	 first crescent moon ('house' + 'day 7').
é-u4-15:	 full moon ('house' + 'day 15').
é-ubur:	 milking pen ('house' + 'teat').
é-ùr-ra:	 storehouse ('house' + 'rafter beams').
é-ùru...gíd:	 to keep watch over a house ('house' + 'watch fire' + 'to reach out, manage').
é-uz-ga:	 fattening house ('house' + 'goose' + 'milk').
e
5-ñar:	 brick wall (cf., eñar).
ég dal-ba-na:	 a dike hat is shared by two watercourses or by two fields ('levee' + 'between').
ég kal-kalag-ga:	 to reinforce he levees ('levees' + 'to repair, mend' + nominative).
ég sa-dúr-ra:	 wide levees at he low-lying end of a field which halted and contained he water for
irrigating he field ('levees' + 'low-lying end of a field').
ég si-ga:	 he work of piling up a levee ('levee' + 'to increase, fill').
ég-ég/e ú-sañ11-e/a:	 reinforcement of he levees wih cut/bundled plants/reeds ('levees' +
'fascines').
eme-dar:	 a tool, utensil ('tongue' + 'to slice, smash').
eme...è/e11:	 to stick out he tongue ('tongue' + 'to send forh').
eme-gilim-ma:	 confused speech ('tongue' + 'to be twisted, tangled' + nominative).
eme-gir15/gi7:	 Sumerian language ('tongue' + 'native').
eme-ñír:	 dagger blade ('tongue' + 'dagger').88
eme-ha-mun:	 contrasting speech or languages (e.g., Sumerian and Akkadian) ('tongue' + 'mutually
opposing').
ñiš
eme-numun:	 an agricultural tool ('tongue' + 'seed').
ñišeme-sa-du
8-a:	 a tool ('tongue' + 'net' + 'open' + nominative).
eme-si-nu-sá:	 describes a person 'whose speech is not right' ('tongue' + si...sá, 'to do somehing
in he right way' + 'not').
ñišeme-sig:	 ship plank ('tongue' + 'small').
eme-sig...dug4/du11/e:	 to slander ('tongue' + 'low; small' + 'to speak').
eme-sig...gu7:	 to slander ('tongue' + 'low; small' + 'to consume'; cf., inim-sig...gu7).
eme...šub
6[ŠID]:	 to lick wih he tongue ('tongue' + 'to lick').
eme-ŠID:	 lizard ('tongue' + 'to consider, measure').
en-mur:	 a resin, possibly myrrh ('lord' + 'lungs').
en-na (...-a):	 until; as long as ...; everywhere ('time, enigmatic background' + nominative).
en-na-bi-šè:	 until now; until he time ('time' + 'his one' + 'towards').
en-nu(-un/ùña)...dù/ak:	 to watch; to guard against.
lúen-nu(-un)(-ñá):	 watch, guardian; watch (as a division of night time); imprisonment; prison.
en-nu-un/ùña...dù/ak:	 to watch; to guard against.
en-te-en-na(-/ak/):	 he cold season, wintertime ('time' + 'cold' + genitive).
én-é-nu-ru:	 introductory formula for exorcism/incantation texts ('enigmatic background' + 'house' +
'image, likeness' + 'to send').
gièn-bar:	 reed, reeds (cf., ambar, 'reed-bed').
èn-du:	 song ('time' + 'to walk'; note du12,'to sing').
èn-šè(-àm):	 until when; how long ('time; until' + terminative postposition, 'up to' [ + enclitic copula]).
èn...tar:	 to ask (someone:	 dative); to investigate; to take care of; to handle; to pay attention to, heed
('enigmatic background' + 'to determine, inquire').
èn-tukum-šè:	 for how long ('time' + 'if' + terminative postposition).
engar-gu4(-ra):	 ox-ploughman ('farmer' + 'ox').
ér...ñá-ñá:	 to set up a lament ('lamentation' + 'to make').
ér...pàd/pà:	 to burst into tears; to cry, weep ('tears' + 'to show').
ér-ra:	 mourning, lamentation ('tears' + nominative).
ér...sig7:	 to lament ('tears' + 'to complain').
ér-šem
3,5-ma compositions concerning he gods sung by he gala priests in he Emesal dialect to
he accompaniment of a tambourine ('wail' + 'tambourine' + genitive).
ér...šeš
2,4/še8-še8:	 to cry, weep ('tears' + 'to weep').89
erin-bábbar:	 white cedar (wood) ('cedar' + 'white').
érin še-gur10-gur10:	 harvest workers ('gang of workers' + 'grain' + reduplicated 'sickle; to reap').
ésir-é-a; esir-è-a; ésir-há:	 asphalt ('bitumen' + 'to go out' + nominative).
eš-bar:	 decision ('much' + 'to divide'; cf., ka-aš-bar).
eš-bar-kíñ-du11-ga:	 pronounced decision ('decision' + 'message, order' + 'to speak' +
nominative).
eš
(2,3)-da:	 ceremony; a type of vessel, goblet ('shrine' + 'wih; to be near').
eš
2,3-dam:	 epihet of a temple of he bride-goddess Inanna; brohel; tavern ('shrine' + 'spouse').
éš-gán:	 surveyor's rope ('rope' + 'surface measure').
éš-kàr, éš-gàr:	 task; one man's daily work assignment; he oxen or plows which perform a task;
to be assigned for someone's benefit ('measuring tape' + 'somehing round and upraised').
lúéš-gíd:	 surveyor ('measuring rope' + 'long').
éš-kir
4/6:	 nose rope (cf., eškiri) ('rope' + 'muzzle/nose').
èš-èš:	 a festival (All-Shrines) (reduplicated 'shrine').
iti
ezen-dAmar-Sin:	 calendar monh 7 at Umma during years 6 - 8 of Amar-Sin.
iti
ezen-An-na:	 calendar monh 10 at Drehem hrough Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 11 at Drehem after ŠuSin 3; calendar monh 11 at Ur during Ur III.
iti
ezen-dBa-ba
6:	 calendar monh 8 at Lagaš during Ur III.
iti
ezen-dDumu-zi:	 calendar monh 6 at Lagaš during Ur III.
iti
ezen-dLi
9-si4:	 calendar monh 3 at Lagaš during Ur III.
ezen-mah:	 great festival ('feast' + 'great').
itiezen-mah:	 calendar monh 9 at Drehem hrough Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 10 at Drehem after Šu-Sin
3; calendar monh 10 at Ur during Ur III.
itiezen-me-ki-ñál:	 calendar monh 11 at Drehem hrough Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 12 at Drehem
after Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 12 at Ur during Ur III.
iti
ezen-dNin-a-zu:	 calendar monh 5 at Drehem hrough Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 6 at Drehem after
Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 6 at Ur during Ur III.
iti
ezen-dŠu-dEN.ZU(Sin):	 calendar monh 8 at Drehem in year Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 9 at
Drehem after Šu-Sin 3.
iti
ezen-dŠul-gi:	 calendar monh 7 at Drehem hrough Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 8 at Drehem after ŠuSin 3; calendar monh 8 at Ur during Ur III; calendar monh 7 at Lagaš during Ur III; calendar monh 10 at
Umma after year Šulgi 30.
ga-ab-kar-re:	 (cf., gaba-kar).
ga-áb-kù-ga:	 milk from pure cows ('milk' + 'cow' + 'pure' + genitive).
ga-áb-sig7-ga:	 milk from beautiful cows ('milk' + 'cow' + 'beautiful' + genitive).
ga-an-tuš:	 (cf., gan-tuš).90
ga-an...za(-za):	 to drip; to bubble ('milk' + 'sky, air' + 'to make a repetitive noise').
ga-an-zír[ŠÈ-KA]:	 entrance to he neherworld (cf., ganzer).
ga-àr-ra:	 powdered or finely grated cheese ('milk' + 'to grind' + nominative).
ga-arhuš-a(-ke4):	 he milk of mercy ('milk' + 'womb; compassion' + genitive).
ga-ba-al...dù:	 to challenge, contradict, quarrel (eiher related to gaba, 'rival' or Akkadian qablum,
'controversy' + 'to make').
ga-ba...ñál:	 (cf., gaba...ñál).
ga-ba-kar-re:	 (cf., gaba-kar).
ga-ba-ra-hum:	 revolt (gaba, 'rival' + 'to overflow' + 'to wrestle, smash, break').
ga-du(7):	 lintel (above a door) (? + du7, 'to finish, complete').
ga-eš8:	 merchantman (compare ga-sa10).
ga...gu7:	 to nurse/feed wih milk ('milk' + 'to feed').
ga-gu7-a:	 suckling foal ('milk' + 'to feed' + nominative).
ga-kug:	 (cultically) pure milk ('milk' + 'pure').
ga-murx[LAK 490]:	 a type of cheese ('milk' + 'strained in cheesecloh' ?).
ga-nam-me-àm:	 it is indeed (affirmative + 3rd person pronoun + 'to be').
ga-ra-an-da:	 bearing fruit (cf., gurun).
ga-rašsar:	 leek(s) (Akk. loanword).
ga-zum:	 carding (wool).
ñiš
ga-zum:	 comb (don't know why some read ga-ríg - he Akkadian is kaa,sum and gazzum).
ga-sa10:	 tradesman ('let me buy!').
ga-sub-ba:	 milk sucking ('milk' + 'to suck' + nominative).
ga-ša-an:	 lady (cf., gašan).
ga-še-a:	 milk for barley porridge; sour milk ('milk' + 'barley' + locative).
ga-ti:	 plea, petition ('let me live!').
ga-zi-in-bu:	 stake (for impalement).
gaba-diri-ga:	 enormous strengh ('rival' + 'to go over, exceed' + nominative).
gaba(-na)...dug4:	 to speak against (someone) ('rival' + 3rd person wih locative + 'to speak').
gaba-gi4:	 opponent; opposition ('rival' + 'to besiege').
gaba-ñál:	 strengh ('chest' + 'to be available').
gaba...ñál:	 to boast ('chest' + 'to be available').
gaba...ñar:	 to put out one's chest; to defy ('breast, chest' + 'to deliver').
gaba-kar(-re):	 escapist ('rival' + 'to flee'; cf., gaba...zi).91
gaba...ri:	 to confront ('breast, chest' + 'to hrow out').
gaba-ri:	 n., rival; copy, duplicate ('breast' + 'to exchange' - imagines he two breasts as copies or
duplicates).
adj., wihstanding attack (describing a door or weapon).
gaba...ru(-gú):	 to encounter ('breast, chest' + ru-gú, 'to oppose').
gaba-šu-ñar:	 resistance, rival ('breast, chest' + 'hand' + 'to place on').
gaba(-a)...tab:	 to hold to he breast ('breast' ( + locative) + 'to hold, clasp').
gaba...zi:	 to retreat ('breast' + 'to take out').
gába[KAB]-ra:	 shepherd boy/girl (Akk. loanword from kaparrum I).
gada-bar-TÚG:	 long linen coat ('linen' + 'long coat').
gada-dilmun-ù-lal:	 a dress of Dilmun linen ('linen' + 'Dilmun' + pronominal prefix + 'to hang').
gada-mah-ñiš-lá:	 spread out linen ('linen' + 'large' + 'tool' + 'to extend').
gada-níñ-dùn-dù:	 a linen garment ('linen' + 'object' + 'to bring low' + 'to make').
gag-ha-har-ra-na:	 a peg or nail ('peg' + 'roads' ?).
gag-maš:	 a peg or nail ('peg' + 'one-half').
ñišgag-si-sá:	 arrow ('nail' + 'to make straight').
gag-zag-ga:	 side (?) peg ('peg' + 'side, boundary').
gal-bi:	 adv., greatly ('great' + adverbial force suffix).
gal-di:	 mighty (judge) (an adjective for he god Enlil) ('large' + 'to decide, judge').
gal-gal-di:	 boaster (reduplicated 'large' + 'to judge').
gal-nar:	 head musician ('large' + 'musician').
gal-ùña:	 overseer ('large' + 'people').
gal-zu (gal-an-zu):	 wise; omniscient; intelligent ('large' [ + 'heaven'] + 'to know').
gal5-lá(-gal), ñùl-lá(-gal):	 police chief, gendarme, deputy, bailiff; a demon ('to
overwhelm' + 'to force into; to look after' [ + 'big']).
galam-kad5:	 artfully made ('artistic' + 'to bind togeher').
galam-ma:	 exalted one ('elaborate' + nominative).
galam-ma hu-ru:	 clever fool ('ingenious, elaborate' + nominative + 'idiot, hillbilly').
ku6gam-gam(-ma):	 a fish (Pomadasys stridens) (reduplicated 'curved; shriveled').
itigan-gan-è:	 calendar monh 9 at Nippur during Ur III.
ñiš
gan-na:	 grinding stone (?) ('rack' + nominative).
gan-tuš:	 tenant ('to bring forh' + 'to occupy').
gan-tuš-tur-ra:	 minor tenant ('tenant' + 'little' + nominative).92
gána-ga:	 hill country ('land' + 'milk').
gána-íl:	 taxable land or field ('land' + 'to carry').
itigána-maš:	 calendar monh 1 at Lagaš during Ur III.
ñišgán-ùr:	 harrow ('field' + 'to drag across').
gàr-du:	 a class of persons ('hair lock signifying slavery' + 'to go').
ge-eš-tu:	 six hundred (geç-u (?); cf., ñéš×u).
gi-a-dag:	 raft ('reed' + 'water' + 'resting place').
gi-dili-dù:	 a single-growing reed (idiomatic expression) ('reed' + 'single' + 'to plant').
gi-dù-a:	 reed hut; reed fences; high-quality writing stylus ('reed' + 'to make' + nominative).
gi-dub-ba:	 stylus ('reed' + 'tablet' + nominative).
gi-dùg-ga:	 sweet reed, i.e., wih a sweet, edible marrow ('reed' + 'sweet' + nominative).
gi-duru5[GI.A]:	 supple, swaying reed ('reed' + 'fresh').
gi-gu4-ud:	 catapult ('reeds' + 'to leap').
gi-gun4(-na), gi-gù-na:	 sacred building ('reeds' + 'decorated temple').
gi-gur:	 reed basket ('reeds' + 'basket').
gi-gur-še-bal:	 basket for carrying grain ('basket' + 'grain' + 'to transport').
gi-izi-lá:	 torch ('reeds' + 'fire' + 'to hold up').
gi...ku5:	 to cut reeds ('reeds' + 'to cut').
gi-kud(-a):	 cut reed, used to make measurements ('reed' + 'to cut' + nominative).
ñišgi-muš:	 punting pole ('reed' + 'snake').
gi-na:	 consent (cf., gi(n)) ('just, firm' + nominative a).
gi-na-tum:	 security deposit (Akkadian loanword).
gi-NI:	 a scented substance ('reed' + 'oil').
gi-rin[LAGAB]:	 pure, spotless; shining; blooming, fruitful; a syllabic writing for gurun, 'fruit'
('reliable' + 'bright' (?)).
gi-sa, kí-sa; gi(-níñ)-sa-há:	 bundle of reeds; abutment or platform ('reeds' + 'mat,
bundle').
gi-sañ-hul:	 a type of reed ('reed' + 'head' + 'bad').
gi-sal:	 reed screen on he roof ('reeds' + 'to be hin and wide').
gi-SI.A:	 (cf., (gi)ušub).
gi-sig:	 reed wall, hut ('reeds' + 'small, weak').
gi-šà-sur:	 sieve ('reeds' + 'intestines' + 'to flow, drip').
gi-šul-hi:	 a reed or plant hat was used as a medicine ('reed' + 'invader' + 'numerous').93
gi-UGUN:	 (cf., gi-gunu4).
gi...zé:	 to cut reeds ('reeds' + 'to cut').
gi-zi:	 a kind of reed ('reed' + 'good; high').
gi-1-ninda:	 measuring reed ('reed' + 'one' + 'a distance measure').
gi4-an:	 cultically unfit ? ('to reject' + 'heaven').
gi4-in:	 slave (girl) ('to lock up' + 'he, she').
gi4-me-a-aš:	 colleague, fellow (cf., nam-gi4-me-a-aš) ('to return, come back' + 'office,
function' + locative + plural suffix).
gi6-an-na:	 at night ('black' + 'heaven' + locative).
gi7-nun:	 slave (girl) ('to lock up' + 'master').
gi16[GIL]-da:	 basket.
gi16[GIL]-sa:	 lasting; of lasting value.
gi16[GIL]-sa...aka:	 to treasure highly.
gibil-bi:	 he first time ('new' + adverbial force suffix).
gig-ba:	 (cf., kibx).
gig(-šè)...ñar:	 to cause trouble; to be angry at ('injury' + terminative + 'to set').
gil-le-èm:	 destruction (cf., gilim).
urudugín-sal:	 a light metal hoe.
gín-tur:	 a surface area measure, little shekel = 1/60 shekel = 1/3600 square nindan (sar) = 3
surface še = 36 square fingers = surface of he side of a cube of 1 sìla capacity.
gir-ab-ba:	 sea fish.
gir4-bil:	 furnaceman, stoker ('kiln' + 'to burn').
gir15/gi7-nun:	 lofty noble (an adjective applied to Enlil) ('noble' + 'royal').
giri17-zal:	 (cf., kìri-zal).
gu-du:	 anus.
gu...dúb; gu...tag:	 to align; to adjust (wih a string) ('string' + 'to strike/to touch').
gu-la:	 large, great (cf., gal; gu-ul).
gu...lal/lá:	 to set out a snare ('string' + 'to place, set, stretch, extend').
gu-sum:	 impression on a tablet (a wedge) ('needle' + 'to give').
gu-ul:	 to enlarge; to increase; to make numerous; to be great, exalted; sometimes = gul, 'to destroy' (cf.,
gal; gu-la).
ñiš
gu-za:	 hrone; chair (cf., guzza).
gu-za-lá:	 hrone-bearer; chair-bearer ('hrone; chair' + 'to hold up').94
gú...aka:	 to submit; to bow, to someone:	 dative ('neck' + 'to do'; cf., gú...ñar).
gú-an-še:	 all hings considered ('land' + 'sky' + 'barley').
gú-bala:	 he turning edge ('edge' + 'to revolve').
gú...dirig:	 to sum accounts ('loads' + 'to add').
gú...dù:	 to despise; to neglect ('neck' + 'to fasten, plant').
gú...è:	 to cover ('neck; edge' + 'to extend').
gú-è:	 wrap.
gú-en-bar-ra:	 outer hrone room.
gú-en-na:	 river mud; hrone room ('river bank' + ?).
gú-gal:	 chick peas ('chick pea/bean' + 'large').
gú...gíd:	 'to stretch he neck' as somehing hat mourners do ('neck' + 'to stretch out').
ñišgú-gíd-gíd:	 an agricultural tool ('neck' + reduplicated 'long').
gú-gir:	 processing of bitumen.
gú-gú-GUD:	 a type of pea (reduplicated 'chick pea/bean' + 'ox, bull').
gú-gú-Uh:	 a type of pea (reduplicated 'chick pea/bean' + 'insect, vermin').
gú...gur:	 to gaher, collect, amass (often wih -da-; often reduplicated) ('chick pea/bean' + 'basket').
gú-gur5...dug4/du11/e:	 to cut down ('neck' + 'to separate' + 'to effect').
gú ñiš...ñál:	 to submit (to someone:	 dative) ('neck' + 'yoke' + 'to place').
gú...ñar/ñá-ñá:	 to submit ('neck' + 'to set down'; cf., gú...aka).
gú-a...ñar/ñá-ñá:	 (cf., úgu...ba-a-ñar which is he later Neo-Sumerian form of his
Old Sumerian original) ('neck' + 'upon' + 'to place [a load of debt]').
gú-ñiri3/16:	 breach (cf., gú ñiri16...ñar).
gú ñiri16...ñar/ñá-ñá:	 to breach walls ('to submit' + 'fortress').
gú...kud:	 to cut (off) he neck ('neck' + 'to cut').
gú...lal/lá:	 to bow down; to kneel; to embrace (wih -da- or -ta-); to peer out (wih bàd, 'city
walls') ('neck' + 'to hang, extend').
gú-tar...lal/lá:	 to style or dress hair; to bind an animal's mane ('neck' + 'to cut, determine' + 'to
lift').
gú...mar:	 to pile up.
gú-mun:	 caraway ('pea' + 'salt').
GIGgú-nida[NUNUZ]:	 a type of (high-quality) wheat (cf., zíz-GÚ-NUNUZ).
gú-ri-ta:	 from he oher side ('side, bank' + 'hat' + 'from').
gú...si(-a):	 to assemble, organize ('necks' + 'to be upright, in order, and still').95
gú-šè:	 up to he edge; to he oher side ('side, bank' + terminative suffix).
gú...šub:	 to be lax wih respect; to scorn (wih -ši-) ('neck' + 'to make fall').
gú-tar:	 back of he head ('neck' + 'to cut (hair)').
gú-tuku:	 mighty; foremost ('neck [for carrying ?]' + 'to have').
gú-tur:	 lentils ? ('chick pea/bean' + 'small').
gú-un:	 tribute; load (cf., gun).
gú...ús:	 to raise he neck ('neck' + 'to join').
gú-za:	 a jewelry (?) ('neck' + 'precious stone').
gú...zi:	 to have success ('neck' + 'to raise').
gù...dé:	 to call; to cry; to say ('sound' + 'to pour out, shape').
gù...ta-dé:	 to read aloud ('voice' + 'from' + 'to pour out').
gù...dúb:	 to shout ('voice' + 'to make tremble').
gù...dug4/du11/di/e:	 to make a noise or sound ('noise' + 'to effect').
gù...ñar:	 describes he twanging of bows ('sound' + 'to deliver').
gù...mur:	 to roar, bray, bellow ('sound' + 'lungs').
gù-mur-aka:	 hero; professional mourner ('to roar, bray' + 'to do').
gù-nun...di/e:	 to make a pleasant/loud sound ('sound' + 'fine, great, deep' + 'to say, do').
gù...ra(-ra):	 to shout, roar ('sound' + 'to strike').
gù-ra-ah:	 chattering, noise-making ('sound' + 'to strike repetitively, shake').
gù...sè(-g/k):	 to make obedient ('voice' + 'to apply; to cause').
gù...sum:	 to repeat; to echo; to talk to (wih dative) ('sound' + 'to give, lend').
gù...si-il:	 to scream wih an ear-splitting voice ('voice' + 'to split').
gù-téš-a...sì:	 to be united ('voice' + 'to come togeher' + locative + 'to surround').
gù...tumu2/4:	 to call ('noise' + 'to carry').
gu4:	 (cf., gud).
gu4-ud:	 to jump; to flutter; to dance (reduplication class:	 gu4-gu4-ud); he planet Mercury ('bull' +
'sun').
gu5-ul:	 great (cf., gal; gu-ul).
gu7-kur-kur-ra:	 bread-basket of all he lands ('food, sustenance' + 'lands' + genitive).
gùb-bu:	 left arm ('left-hand' + nominative wih vowel harmony).
gùb-kaš4:	 stud farm manager (?) ('left-hand' + 'speed. fluency').
gud-áb(-ba):	 breeding bull ('bull' + 'cow' + genitive).
gud-alim:	 bison ('bull' + 'bison').96
gud-am; gu4-dam:	 a myhological entity ('bull' + 'wild ox').
gud-apin-níñ-túg:	 blanket for a plow ox ('bull, ox' + 'plow' + 'hing' + 'cloh garment').
itigud-si-su:	 calendar monh 2 at Nippur during Ur III.
gud-du7(-du7):	 perfect, unblemished bull; fierce, goring ox ('bull, ox' + 'complete, suitable; to butt,
gore, toss').
gud-dub:	 ox (recorded) on a tablet ('bull, ox' + 'tablet').
gud-dun-a:	 subordinate ox ('bull, ox' + 'subordinate' + nominative).
gud è:	 oxen taken out (of work) ('bull, ox' + 'to exit').
gud éš-gàr:	 working oxen ('bull, ox' + 'assigned task').
gud-gal-gal:	 full-grown ox ('bull, ox' + reduplicated 'great').
gud-ñiš:	 work ox ('bull, ox' + 'tool').
gud ñiš-ùr:	 oxen for he harrow ('bull, ox' + 'beam, harrow').
gud-lah5[DU-DU]:	 ox driver ('bull, ox' + 'to drive').
gud-mu-x:	 x years-old ox ('bull, ox' + 'name, year' + number).
gud-niga:	 fattened ox ('bull, ox' + 'fattened').
gud-numun:	 oxen for sowing ('bull, ox' + 'seed').
gud-numun-diri:	 reserve oxen for sowing ('oxen for sowing' + 'excess').
gud-numun-gána:	 oxen for sowing on he field ('oxen for sowing' + 'field parcel').
gud-ra:	 ox driver ('bull, ox' + rá, 'to drive along').
gud-su7-ra:	 hreshing ox ('bull, ox' + 'hreshing floor').
gud-sún:	 wild-cow ('bull, ox' + 'aurochs cow').
gud-šár(-a):	 perfect bull ('bull' + 'to be many; to slaughter' + nominative).
gud-šu-gi4:	 old ox ('bull, ox' + 'old').
gud-šúhub:	 grazing or trampling oxen ('bull, ox' + 'to step; to graze').
gùd...ús:	 to build a nest ('nest' + 'to moor, join').
ñišGUL-BU:	 a kind of wood ('evil; to extinguish' + 'to uproot').
gul-lum:	 cat ('to fall upon, destroy, extinguish' + 'fertile'; cf., ki-gul-la).
gur-ra:	 adv., in return ('to return' + subordination suffix /-a/).
gur-2-ul:	 a capacity measure of 72 sìla in Presargonic Girsu.
gur-sá-dug4:	 a capacity measure, = 160 sìla ('reed basket' + 'offering; measuring container of eiher
24 or 40 sìla').
gur-sañ-ñál:	 a capacity measure, = 240 sìla, where Civil says he difference is hat his gur has
been filled from measuring containers topped off wih a 'head' of grain instead of being leveled off at he
top ('reed basket' + 'head' + 'to place').97
gur4-gur4[LAGAB+LAGAB]:	 a standard size container for wine, beer, and oil, = 10 liters
(reduplicated 'hick, round, plump').
gur5[KA×GU](ru.uš(11))...búr:	 to bare he fangs (sign for 'mouh-needles' ( + 'to send' +
'poison') + 'to release').
guru7-du6:	 grain stack ('granary' + 'heap').
guru7-maš:	 grain depot ('granary' + 'interest, profit').
guruš šà-sahar:	 earh moving workers ('laborer' + 'essence' + 'earh').
ñá-e:	 I; myself ('I' + subjective ending).
ñá-e-me-en:	 it is me; I am one who... ('I' + enclitic copula + 1st or 2nd person ending).
ñá-gi(4)(-a):	 (cf., ñagia).
ñá-ñá:	 adding, addition (reduplicated form of ñar, 'to accumulate').
ñá-la...dag:	 to cease (doing somehing) (often wih -ta-) ('to be somewhere' + 'resting place').
ÑÁ-nam-ma-da:	 (cf., ñe26-nam-ma-da).
ÑÁ-nu:	 (cf., ñe26-nu).
ñá-nun:	 storage area (ñar, 'storeroom' + 'noble').
ñál...taka4:	 to open ('to be somewhere' + 'to open').
ñalga-sùh:	 nitwit ('consideration' + 'to be confused').
ñe26[ÑÁ]-nam-ma-da:	 come wih me! (ñe26-na, imperative form of ñen, 'to go, come' +
conjugational prefixes î-ba wih locative force + 'wih').
ñe26-nu:	 come!.
ñéme-maš:	 female tender of goats ('work-woman' + 'goats').
ñéš×u, ñeš'u:	 six hundred ('sixty' + 'ten'; cf., ge-eš-tu).
ñeštin-hád:	 raisins ('grape vine' + 'dried').
ñeštug(2,3)...gub:	 to set he mind to (wih -ši-) ('understanding' + 'to set').
ñeštug(2,3)...ñar:	 to listen, pay attention (to:	 wih -ši-) ('ears, understanding' + 'to make available
[to]').
ñeštug(2,3)...sum:	 to listen to (wih dative) ('ears' + 'to give').
ñeštug(2,3)...šú:	 to stop one's ears ('ears' + 'to cover').
ñeštu(2,3)-tuku:	 possessing intelligence ('ears, understanding' + 'to have').
ñeštug(2,3)...u18-lu:	 to forget ('ears, understanding' + 'great storm').
ñi6...di:	 to pass he night ('night' + 'to go'; cf., ù-di).
ñi6-par3/4:	 residence of he en priest or priestess ('night' + 'to stretch out').
ñi6...sá:	 stay to midnight ('night' + 'to make equal').
ñi6-sa9:	 stay to midnight ('night' + 'half').98
ñi6-ù-na:	 in he middle of he night ('night' + ù-na, 'triumph').
ñidru-šè...nú:	 to lay (heaped-up grain) under he (measuring) stick ('stick' + terminative + 'to lie
down').
ñidru(-mu)-u4-sù-rá:	 a scepter of long (years and) days ('scepter' ( + years) + 'days' + 'lasting,
far away' + genitive).
ñin-na:	 ordinary ('ordinary' + nominative).
ñír...DÙ:	 to cut off (?) ('knife' + 'to erect').
ñír...ñar:	 to clear he way ('road' + 'to place, establish').
lúñír-lá:	 butcher ('knife' + 'to weigh').
anšeñír-nun:	 a type of donkey ('expedition' + 'great, fine').
ñír-pa:	 butcher knife ('knife' + 'branch').
ñír-tab:	 scorpion ('knife' + 'sting').
ku6ñír-ús:	 an inexpensive fish ('knife' + 'lengh').
ñír-zal:	 scalpel ('knife' + 'to shine').
ñìri...díb:	 to take a pah, be on one's way ('pah' + 'to traverse, pass along').
ñìri-kúr...díb:	 to take an unfamiliar pah ('pah' + 'strange' + 'to traverse').
ñìri KU-bi-šè...ñál:	 to be subjected ('foot' + 'at heir place' + 'to be located').
ñìri...ñar:	 to step forward; to trample (wih -ni-) ('foot' + 'to place, set down').
ñìri-šè...ñar:	 to place somehing under he auhority of someone ('foot' + terminative + 'to place,
set down').
ñìri-gub(-ba):	 step; footstool, pedestal ('foot' + 'to stand').
ñìri...gub:	 to step on ('foot' + 'to stand').
ñìr-lam:	 fruit-cake ('way, pah' + 'abundance').
ñìr-pad-rá[DU]:	 bone(s) ('foot' + 'to break off a piece' + nominative).
ñìri...ra:	 to stumble ('foot' + 'to strike, stir').
ñìri-saña11[KIN]...dug4/du11/e:	 to trample; to stamp out ('foot' + 'to harvest'(?) + 'to
effect').
ñìr-sè-ga:	 menial(s), domestic(s) ('foot' + 'to apply, do').
ñìri...siñ18[KIN]:	 (cf., ñìri-saña11...dug4).
ñìr-šúhub:	 hoof ('foot' + 'boot').
ñìri...ús:	 to follow on foot; to set one's foot on ('foot' + 'to follow; to join').
ñìri...zé-er:	 to lose one's footing, slip, slide ('feet' + 'to remove'; cf., ki-ma-an-zé-er).
ñir5-ñir5ku6:	 a fish (reduplicated 'to seek refuge').
ñir5-ra:	 courier ('to run, trot' + nominative).99
ñiskim-ti:	 recognized ('signal' + 'to stay alive').
ñiskim...tuku:	 to get recognition ('signal' + 'to get').
ñiskim-zi an-na:	 good omen from heaven ('signal' + 'good, firm' + 'heaven' + genitive).
ñissu...lal:	 to cover wih a shadow ('shadow' + 'to extend, reach').
ñišñiš:	 plow ('he' tool, par excellence).
ñiš-ab-ba(-k):	 a type of horn tree; a wood used to make boats and sickle hafts ('wood' + 'sea' +
genitive).
ÑIŠ-BAD:	 in he Akkad period, a lengh measure equal to 1 cubit, 1 kùš.
ñiš-bad:	 a basket wih a wooden handle; hreshing sledge.
ñiš-búru:	 net, trap ('tool' + 'to spread out' + nominative wih vowel harmony).
ñiš-dù-a:	 timber ('wood' + 'to build, erect' + nominative).
ñiš-e11:	 key; door pin ('tool' + 'to exit').
-ñiš-en:	 irrealis suffix, 'unreality' form suffix ('tool' + 'enigmatic background').
ñiš-gan...bala:	 to conclude a sale ('pestle' + 'to hand over').
ñiš-gána-ùr-ra:	 harrow ('tool' + 'field' + 'to drag over he ground').
ñiš-gaz:	 cudgel ('tool' + 'to crush, vanquish').
ñiš-gaz-mè:	 battle cudgel ('cudgel' + 'battle').
ñiš-gi:	 reed bank, hicket, cane brake ('tree' + 'reed').
ñiš-gi4-ñál, ñiš-ki-ñál:	 answering chorus ('tool' + 'to answer' + 'to be').
ñiš-gíd-da:	 long wood; punting pole; javelin, spear ('wood' + 'long' + nominative).
ñiš-gíg:	 a date palm ('tree' + 'black, dark').
ñiš-gú-ba:	 a piece of tableware ('tool' + 'chick pea, bean' + 'to give').
ñiš-gù-di:	 a loud musical instrument ('tool' + 'to make a noise or sound').
ñiš...ñar:	 to assign ('tool' + 'to deliver').
ñiš-ñiš-lá:	 battle ('tools' + 'to raise'; cf., ki-ñiš-ñiš-lá).
ñiš-hAR:	 dredging (?) work in he canal ('tool' + 'obligation' ?).
ñiš-hé:	 firmament, sky ('tool' + 'abundant').
ñiš-hum:	 bench on a wagon ('wood' + 'to bruise').
ñiš-hur:	 plan, drawing ('tool' + 'to draw, sketch').
ñiš...hur:	 to draw; to make plans ('tool' + 'to draw').
ñiš-ì:	 (cf., še-ñiš-ì).
ñiš-KÁ:	 (cf., ákan).
ñiš-kad5:	 stepladder ('tool' + 'to tie, bind togeher').100
ñiš-kar2/3:	 task (cf., éš-kàr).
ñiš...lal/lá:	 to be silent ('tool' + 'to hang up').
ñiš-kíñ-ti:	 craftsmen ('work tool' + 'side').
ñiš-mah:	 (cf., ñiš-kad5).
ñiš-ná:	 bed; bedspread ('tool' + 'to sleep' + nominative).
ñiš-nañ:	 wooden water pail ('wood' + 'to drink').
ñiš-nu(11):	 lamp, light ('tool' + 'light, fire, lamp').
ñiš-pàr:	 (cf., ñiš-búru).
ñiš...ra:	 to hresh ('stick' + 'to beat').
ñiš-rín:	 weighing scale (cf., érin, rín).
ÑIŠ-RU:	 (cf., ñišilluru).
ñiš-si4:	 a date palm ('tree' + 'red-brown').
ÑIŠ-ŠAR:	 (cf., kiri6).
ñiš-šu:	 shackle; haft ('tool' + 'hand').
ñiš-šu-kin:	 (cf., ñiššu-KIN).
ñiš-šub(-ba):	 lot, share ('tool' + 'to cast, hrow, drop' + nominative).
ñiš...tag:	 to make a religious offering, sacrifice (often wih dative) ('tree' + 'to adorn').
ñiš...tuku:	 to hear, listen to ('tool' + 'to get, have').
ñiš-ùr(-ra):	 log, beam, rafter (e.g., of a roof); harrow ('wood' + 'roof').
ñiš...ùr:	 to harrow (often wih -ni-) ('tool' + 'drag').
ñìš á-zi...e:	 to commit rape (ñìš, 'penis', + 'violence' + 'to do').
ñìš...dù:	 to have sexual intercourse (ñìš, 'penis', + 'to plant').
ñìš-nu-zu:	 virgin (said of animals) (ñìš, 'penis', + 'not' + zu, 'to know').
ñìš-zu:	 having born young; open (ñìš, 'penis', + zu, 'to know').
ñizzal...aka:	 to pay attention ('attention' + 'to do', cf., sañ-kéš...aka).
ñizzal-kalam-ma(k):	 he most intelligent person in Sumer ('intelligence' + 'land (of Sumer)' +
genitive).
ha-al-ma:	 vandals (ha-lam + nominative).
(urudu)ha-bu(2,3,6)-da:	 a heavy copper hoe (Akkadian loanword, hap/buutum).
ha-la:	 (inheritance) share, lot (cf., hal).
ha-lam:	 to ruin; to destroy (often wih -ta-) (cf., hul(3)).
ñišha-lu-úb, ñišhu-lu-úb:	 oak (?); sapling (?) [one Akkadian equivalent means 'young maiden'].
ha-luh:	 (cf., hu-luh).101
ha-mun:	 mutually opposing; contrasting, harmonizing; clashing (hum, 'to wrestle' conjugated as Akk.
huud, 'joy', conjugates into hadûm, 'joyful' - except in Sumerian here is no syllable 'mum', just he
syllable mun).
(ñiš)ha-šu-úr:	 he cypress or Persian oak tree or its resin ('abundance' + 'to pour' + 'tree trunk').
ha-za:	 to hold, grasp; to retain (Akk. ahaazum, Orel & Stolbova 25).
uruduha-zi(-in):	 ax (Akkadian loanword, Orel & Stolbova 1318, cf., 1305).
ñišhar-har:	 a musical instrument; chain (reduplicated 'ring, bracelet') (cf., kíkkin).
har-ra-an:	 road (a city on he route to he Mediterranean, Akkadian loanword).
haš4...ñá-ñá:	 to rejoice ('lower abdomen' + 'to deposit').
ñišhaz...aka:	 to slaughter ('tool' + 'to hresh' + 'to do'; cf., gaz, 'to slaughter').
hé-àm:	 'so be it', 'let it be', consent, approval, wish (precative prefix + î + 'to be').
hé-àm-me-àm:	 [hat] is our wish ('wish' + î + 'to be').
hé-du7:	 decoration ('let it be suitable, fitting').
hé-en-na-nam-ma-àm:	 it is indeed (precative prefix + î + na-nam, 'indeed' + enclitic copula, 'to
be').
hé-ñál:	 overflow; abundance ('let here be available').
hé-...nam-...:	 let it be.
hé-nun; hi-nun:	 abundance, fruitfulness ('may it be; numerous' + 'great, fine, deep').
hé-zu-hé-zu; hé-zu-hé-za:	 knowledge (reduplicated [wih vowel alternation]:	
'numerous' + 'to know').
hi-a:	 (cf., há) ('to mix' + nominative).
hi-li:	 beauty; (sexual) charm, appeal; luxuriance ('numerous' + 'cedar oil, fragrance').
hi-li...aka:	 to behave gracefully ('beauty' + 'to do').
hi-li...du8(-du8):	 to apply adornments ('beauty' + 'to adorn; to spread').
hi-li...gùr-ru:	 to be full of opulence ('beauty' + 'to bear, carry').
hi-li-ma(-ra)-az:	 joyous (?) beauty ('beauty' + asa, 'cage, fetter' or ingredient in asilal(3,4,5),
'joy, gladness').
hi-li...sù(-sù):	 full of appeal ('beauty' + 'to rejoice').
hi-nun:	 (cf., hé-nun).
ñišhu-lu-úb:	 (cf., ñišha-lu-úb).
hu-luh, ha-luh:	 to scare; to become scared, frightened ('birds/fish' + 'to sweep away').
hu-nu, hu-hu-nu:	 helpless (huñ-(ñ), hun-(ñ), 'to hire' + 'none').
hu-rí-in:	 eagle (Akkadian loanword, urinnu I; Orel & Stolbova #52 *’ar-/*war- 'eagle'; note hat AHw
says hat urinnu II, 'standard, totem', is a Sumerian loanword).
hu-ru(-um):	 idiot, hillbilly, boor (Akkadian loanword ?).102
hu-su:	 (cf., háš).
hu-úr-sá-ñá/ne:	 (cf., hur-sañ).
húb-gaz:	 slaughter ('ahlete' + 'to slaughter').
húb...sar:	 to run ('ahlete' + 'to run').
húb...šú:	 to trample (?) ('ahlete' + 'to cover').
hul...dím:	 to hurt, cause pain ('evil' + 'to create, make')
hul...gig:	 to hate ('evil' + 'to be sick').
hul-ñál:	 evil ones ('evil' + 'to be').
húl-la:	 very happy; joyful ('joy' + subordination suffix /-a/).
hur-sañ:	 hill-country; mountainous region ('holes, valleys' + 'points, peaks').
huš-a:	 somehing red ('angry' + nominative).
i-i:	 (reduplicated éd).
i-bí[BIL]:	 smoke; Emesal dialect for igi, 'face; to see' ('to go out, rise' + 'to burn').
i-dib:	 hreshold; flagstone, slab; device, contrivance ('to go out' + 'to traverse, cross').
i-gi4-in-zu:	 indeed!; as, like (used in hypohetical comparisons).
i-lu:	 song, lament, dirge ('cry' + 'to multiply').
i-lu...du11/e:	 to sing a dirge ('dirge' + 'to speak, sing').
i(-r):	 (cf., ir).
i-ti:	 (cf., itud).
i-si-iš:	 complaint; lament (cf., isiš2,3).
i-si-iš...ñar:	 to wail (to someone:	 dative) (isiš2,3, 'moaning' + 'to set').
i-si-iš...lá:	 to sit in anguish (isiš2,3, 'moaning' + 'to hang').
i-dutu:	 outcry; complaint; cry for justice; 'Oh, Shamash!' ('cry' + divine determinative + 'god of justice').
i-zi:	 waves (cf., iz-zi) ('to go out, rise' + 'to rise, go out').
í-kú:	 inclined angle, inclination (e.g., 45 degrees - he angle formed by animals eating fodder).
ì-áb:	 fat of cows, cream (?) ('fat' + 'cow').
ì-áb-sè-ga:	 clarified butter, ghee (Old Sumerian) ('cow fat' + 'to make flat [by boiling away he water]').
ì-bí-la:	 (cf., ibila).
ì-dub:	 storage jugs, pitchers ('oil' + 'to store, heap up').
ì-dùg(-ga), ì-du10-ga:	 perfume; good oil ('oil' + 'sweet').
ì-dùg-nun(-na), ì-du10-nun(-na):	 cream; perfume ('oil' + 'sweet' + 'fine').
(lú)ì-duh/du8:	 janitor; porter; door keeper (impersonal verbal conjugation prefix + 'residue, waste').103
ì-gu-la):	 perfumed oil ('oil' + 'flax' + 'beauty, desire').
ì-ñiš:	 sesame oil ('oil' + 'tree').
ì-hI-nun(-na):	 (cf., ì-dùg-nun(-na); hé-nun; hi-nun).
ì-ir-a:	 ointment ('oil' + 'perfume' + nominative).
ì-ku
6:	 fish oil ('oil' + 'fish').
ì-lah4:	 a profession (impersonal verbal prefix + 'to fling away').
ì-lí:	 fine oil (jar) ('oil' + 'true measure; fine oil').
ì-nun:	 butter; clarified butter, ghee (Neo-Sumerian) ('fat, oil' + 'noble').
ì-rá-rá:	 ointment mixer ('fat' + reduplicated 'to stir, mix').
ì-sañ:	 best, fine oil ('oil' + 'prime').
ì-si-na:	 (cf., e-si-na).
ì-šah:	 pig lard ('fat' + 'pig').
ì-ti:	 moonlight (cf., itud).
ì-udu:	 fat, tallow ('fat' + 'sheep').
i
5-ñar[KA.ÑAR]:	 to promise, predict; ominous remark (inim, 'word' + 'to make, establish').
ib-si
8[DI]:	 square ('eye' + 'to crack open').
íb-dam-za:	 anger ('to be angry' + dum-dam...za, 'to grumble').
íb-lal:	 underwear (?) ('hips' + 'to hang, stretch, extend').
íb-tag4:	 leftover ('middle' + 'to disregard').
kušíb-ùr:	 (cf., kuše-íb-ùr).
íd-a-dug:	 irrigation project ('canal' + 'water' + 'vessel').
ñišig-šu-úr...DU:	 to bolt he door ('door' + 'hand' + 'base' + 'to go').
igi-a-a-na-šè:	 before his faher ('front' + 'faher' + ni-a(k), 'his + genitive' + terminative suffix,
'unto').
igi...bad:	 to open one's eyes ('eye' + 'to open').
igi-bala:	 traitor, turncoat; shiftiness ('eyes' + 'to turn, change, revolt').
igi...bar:	 to look at ('eye' + 'to open').
igi-zi...bar:	 to choose; to legitimate ('to look at' + 'legitimate; to strenghen').
igi-dañal:	 wide seeing eyes ('eyes' + 'wide').
igi(-šè)...dib(2):	 to pass in front of/before ('face' + terminative suffix + 'to pass by').
igi-hul...dím:	 to put he evil eye (on someone) ('eye' + 'evil' + 'to fashion').
igi-du:	 adj. for a lead animal; leader (also read as palil) ('front' + 'to walk').
igi-šè...du:	 to walk in front of ('to he front' + 'to walk').104
igi...dù:	 to be on he lookout for (wih -ši-) ('eye' + 'to raise erect').
igi...du8:	 to see (often wih -ni- or bi-); to spy; to witness ('eye' + 'to crack open').
igi-du8-a:	 visibility (of he moon) ('to see' + nominative).
igi(-tur)...gíd:	 to despise, look upon wih disfavor or anger ('eye, face' + 'little' + 'to lenghen';
cf., sañ-ki...gíd).
igi-gu4:	 a stylized biconvex geometric figure constructed from 120 degree arcs ('eye' + 'ox').
igi...gub:	 to look at ('eye' + 'to set').
igi-gub(-ba):	 coefficient ('inverse' + 'fixed').
igi-gùn-gùn:	 flashing eyes ('eyes; face' + 'to sparkle; to have on makeup').
igi...ñál:	 to (be able to) see; to understand; to look upon (often wih -ši-) ('eye' + 'to place [into]').
igi-4-ñál:	 1/4.
igi-6-ñál:	 1/6.
igi-ñál(-la):	 clever, intelligent ('eye' + 'to place [into]' + nominative).
igi...ñar:	 to face, look at (wih -ši- adds intensity to he gaze); to appear before someone ('eye; face'
+ 'to set').
IGI-ÑAR(-m):	 review, inspection, supervision.
igi...íl:	 to direct he eyes to (wih -ši-, at a specific object); to view; to look over ('eyes' + 'to lift').
igi-íl-la:	 choice ('eyes' + 'to lift' + nominative).
igi...kár:	 to look upon; to examine, inspect; to select (often wih -ši-) ('eyes' + 'to illuminate').
igi-lá:	 (cf., igi-tùm-lá).
igi...lal:	 to close one's eyes ('eyes' + 'to diminish, retreat').
igi-mè(-/ak/):	 before he battle; vanguard ('before; front' + 'battle' + genitive).
igi-níñin:	 treachery ('eye' + 'to wander, turn away').
igi-nim(-ma):	 upper country - from Sumer eiher he east or he norhwest ('to face' + 'east').
igi-nu-du8(-a):	 blind person - a slave; unskilled worker ('eye' + 'not' + 'to crack open').
igi...si(-g):	 to see ('eyes' + 'to fill').
igi-sìg-sìg[PA-PA]:	 an insulting face ('face' + reduplicated 'to strike, knock down'; cf., ka-sìg).
igi-sig5:	 pulverized (onions) (cf., mun-gazi) ('eye' + 'to be good').
igi-su:	 (cf., i-gi4-in-zu).
igi...suh:	 to stare wih wide-open eyes ('eyes' + 'to pop out').
igi-X-šè:	 in he presence of X ('face, front' + X + terminative suffix).
igi...te-en:	 to unite ('eyes' + 'to soften, allay').
igi-te-en:	 fraction; proportions; symmetry.105
igi-tùm-lá:	 coveting, longing, greedy eyes; a starving person ('eyes' + 'to obtain, carry away' + 'to
weigh').
igi-u4-è-a:	 facing he sunrise, facing east ('face; before' + dutu-è, 'sunrise' + locative).
igi...ùru:	 to be on guard, vigilant ('eyes' + 'to watch, guard').
igi-zàñ-ñá; igi-zàg-ga:	 select, precious ('eyes' + 'to choose' + nominative).
igi-zé-zé:	 dry-eyed (?) ('eyes' + 'to cut, shear, pluck'; Akk. ,suhhutum means 'pressed out').
igi-zu:	 (cf., i-gi4-in-zu).
íl-lá:	 elevation ('to lift' + 'to hang'; cf., dùn-lá, 'depression').
íldag[A-AM]-zi-da:	 pleasant poplar tree ('poplar tree' + 'good').
im-ba:	 loss ('he paid out').
im-babbar
(2):	 gypsum; whitewash ('clay' + 'white').
IM...dirig:	 (cf., ní...dirig).
im-dù-a; im-du8-a:	 wall of rammed earh; adobe wall ('mud' + 'to build, erect' + nominative).
im-dugud:	 lump of earh or metal (cf., añarx) ('clay, earh' + 'weight').
im-gíd-da:	 small, one column tablet ('clay tablet' + 'long' + 'side').
im-ñíri:	 lightning storm ('storm' + 'lightning flash').
im-ha-mun:	 a dark-colored earh used for a high-contrast dye ('clay, earh' + 'contrasting'; cf. also, imri-ha-mun).
im-hul:	 evil wind ('wind' + 'evil').
im-lá:	 container; widh ('clay' + 'to hold').
im-lag:	 clump of clay ('clay' + 'piece').
im-ma:	 last, previous (year) ('he named').
im-ma-al:	 milk cow (cf., immal(2)).
im-ma...gub:	 to register on a clay tablet ('clay tablet' + locative + 'to write down'; cf., im-šu-gub).
im-ma-si-im-ma-diri-ga:	 'it is too much' - he scream of suffering men or of women in
travail (a deverbalized fixed form).
im-mar-tu:	 westwind ('wind' + 'western desert').
im-me:	 to be he one for (ì + me + a).
im...mir:	 to be windy ('wind' + 'storm wind').
im-nun:	 edge of he civilized world ('writing tablet' + 'great').
im-ri-ha-mun:	 storm, whirlwind ('weaher' + 'to blow' + 'mutually opposing').
im-ru(-a), im-ri(-a):	 relatives, family, clan ('he sent out').
im-sa12-ti-um:	 eastwind ('wind' + 'eastern mountains').106
im-sar(-ra):	 clay tablet; document ('clay' + 'to write' + nominative).
im-si-sá:	 norhwind ('wind' + 'straight').
im...šèñ:	 to rain ('storm' + 'to rain').
im-šu:	 paragraph, section, extract (on a tablet) ('clay tablet' + 'portion').
im-šu-gub:	 list tablet ('sections' + 'to write down'; cf., im-ma...gub).
im-šu-rin-na:	 oven.
IM×TAK
4; IM.TAK4; TAK4; TAK4.IM:	 to cut; to be cut out.
im-u
18-lu:	 souhwind ('wind' + 'storm').
in...bu
5-bu5:	 to blow away he straw/chaff ('straw' + redup. 'to blow'; cf., bul).
in-dal:	 chaff ('straw' + 'to fly').
in...dé-a:	 cleaning straw after winnowing ('straw' + 'to pour' + nominative).
in-dub:	 marked out border ('straw' + 'to heap up').
in(-nu)(-šè)...dúb:	 to insult; to taunt (wih -ni-) ('insult' ( + terminative suffix) + 'to knock
down').
in-ga-:	 again; equally (frequently follows -gim).
in-ga-na-nam:	 it is also ('equally' + emphatic + 'to be').
in-na:	 insult.
in-nam-gíd-da:	 storehouse (rare variant of uš-gíd-da).
in-nu:	 negation (cf., an-na, 'yes').
in-nu(-da):	 straw ('straw' + nud, 'bed' + genitive).
inim...bala:	 to have a conversation; to interpret; to translate ('words' + 'to revolve').
inim-búr-ra:	 breach of treaty ('words' + 'to dissolve, loosen' + nominative).
inim-dirig:	 excessive words, arrogance, hubris ('words' + 'to exceed').
inim-dùg:	 good word ('word' + 'sweet, good').
inim...dug4/du11/e:	 to say ('words' + 'to speak').
inim...gi4:	 to answer (wih dative prefix and -ni-); to call back one's word (wih bi-) ('word' + 'to
return').
inim-sig...gu7(-gu7):	 to (produce) slander ('word' + 'low; small' + 'to consume'; cf., emesig...gu7).
inim...ñar:	 to bring an action against someone (before he court); to claim ('word' + 'to set, fix').
inim-inim-ma:	 compositions; wisdom ('word' + 'word' + genitive ?).
inim...kíñ:	 to seek or find he right word ('word' + 'to seek, fetch').
inim...ku
5(-r):	 to swear ('word' + 'to cut, curse').107
inim-ma...sè(-g)[SUM]:	 to imagine, conceive an idea ('in a word' + 'to place').
inim-sig-ga:	 slander ('word' + 'low; small' + nominative).
inim...šár:	 to search for clarification ('word' + 'to request, implore').
inim-šùd(-da):	 a word of prayer ('word' + 'to pray' + nominative).
inim-zu:	 one who knows he (proper) words; learned ('words' + 'to know').
ir-si-im; ir-sim:	 fragrant aroma, scent ('perfume' + 'to fill up' + 'wind'; no indication of
Afroasiatic cognates).
ír:	 (cf., ér).
is-háb:	 fool ('organ' + 'foul-smelling').
ñišIŠ-gi4:	 a tool.
iz-zi[ÑIŠ-ZI]; iz-zi8[ÑIŠ-KAL]:	 house wall; fire; current, flood ('wood' + 'to rise up';
cf., é-sig4).
izi-gi6-eden-na:	 shadow ('fire' + 'night' + 'steppe; spine').
izi-lá:	 torch ('fire' + 'to raise up').
izi...lá:	 to purify wih fire ('fire' + 'to raise up').
izi...ne-ne(-r):	 to fan he fire ('fire' + reduplicated nir, 'to winnow').
izi...sìg[PA]:	 to set on fire ('fire' + 'to knock down, demolish').
izi...šub:	 to hurl fire ('fire' + 'to hrow').
izi...te:	 fire approaches ('fire' + 'to approach').
izi...te-en:	 to extinguish or calm a fire ('fire' + 'to calm, extinguish').
ízi[KI-IZI]-ur5:	 coal ('fire-place' + 'liver, soul').
ka-al:	 clay pit.
ka(-al)-lu5:	 a vessel, bowl (Akkadian loanword, kalû; Orel & Stolbova #1423, *kalVy-, 'vessel').
ka-aš-bar:	 decision ('mouh' + 'one' + 'to divide'; cf., eš-bar).
ka-aš...bar:	 to render a decision.
ka...ba:	 to converse ('mouh' + 'to give').
ka...dù:	 to accuse (reduplication class) ('mouh' + 'to build, make').
kuška-dù:	 a leaher wrapping for part of he plow.
ka-dù-a, ka-dù-dù:	 fierce or accusing mouh.
ka-duh-a:	 wih open mouh ('mouh' + 'to crack open' + nominative).
ñišKA-dúb-ba:	 a field tool (?).
ka-gáraš-a:	 catastrophe ('mouh' + 'military encampment' + nominative).
ka-guru7:	 granary supervisor ('mouh' + 'silo').108
ka-ñìri:	 pah ('mouh' + 'feet; way, pah').
KA...hAR:	 (cf., zú...ur5).
ka-íd-da:	 canal intake ('mouh' + 'river' + genitive).
KA-kešda:	 regiment ('mouh; word' + 'to bind').
KA...kéš-(d):	 to organize; to have an agreement; to put togeher; to become undone, disorganized
(wih -ta-).
ka ki...zu-zu:	 to kiss he ground ('mouh' + 'ground' + reduplicated 'to know').
ka-làl:	 a sweet person ('mouh' + 'honey').
KA×LI...di/e:	 (cf., gù-nun...di/e).
KA×LI...gi4(-gi4):	 (cf., sig14..gi4).
ka-lu
5:	 (cf., ka-al-lu5).
KA-nun...di/e:	 (cf., gù-nun...di/e).
ka...sag9-sag9:	 to make he mouh pleasant ('mouh' + reduplicated 'good, pleasing').
ka-sìg[PA]:	 an insulting mouh ('mouh' + 'to strike, knock down'; cf., igi-sìg-sìg).
ka-sù-ga:	 an empty mouh ('mouh' + 'to be empty' + nominative).
ka-šakan:	 supervisor of he fat stores ('mouh' + 'large oil jar').
KA šu...ñál:	 (cf., kiri4 šu...ñál).
ka-ta-è:	 utterance ('mouh' + 'from' + 'to go out').
ka-ta...kar:	 to take away ('mouh' + 'from' + 'to take away').
ka-tab:	 to be clogged ('mouh' + 'to clasp').
ka-tar:	 princely; praise; challenger; a type of fungus or rot ('mouh' + 'to decide; to destroy').
ka-tar...si-il:	 to praise ('praise' + sil, 'to praise').
ká-bar-ra:	 outer door ('gate' + 'outside' + nominative).
KÁ.GAL:	 (cf., abul).
ká-mè:	 wings of a temple door ('gate' + 'battle').
káb...dug4:	 to measure or count commodities for accounting or taxation ('string' ? + 'to do').
(dug)káb-dug4-ga:	 a measuring jar wih a capacity of 20 sìla.
ñišKAK+LIŠ-la
(2):	 chariot; cart.
kak-ús:	 goad ('nail' + 'to drive'; cf., bar-úsurudu).
kal-kal; ka-al-ka-al:	 highly esteemed or valued, precious (reduplicated 'to esteem, value').
kal-la-kal-la:	 barren, empty ('to be rare').
(munus)kar-kid:	 prostitute (B. Alster reads munus-kar-ke4) ('marketplace' + 'reed mat').
kar(-ra)...ús:	 to reach he quay (in a boat) ('quay' + locative + 'to reach, moor to').109
kaskal...sig10/sì(-g):	 to clear a road ('road' + 'to place, put in; to engrave; to make flat,
even').
kaš-dé-a:	 banquet, libation, party ('beer' + 'to pour' + nominative).
kaš-dé...aka:	 to put on a banquet ('banquet' + 'to do').
kaš-dùg/du10:	 sweet drink ('beer' + 'sweet, fresh').
kaš-gíg:	 dark beer ('beer' + 'black, dark').
kaš-gíg-dùg-ga:	 good dark beer ('beer' + 'black, dark' + 'sweet, fresh' + nominative).
kaš-kal:	 strong (?) beer ('beer' + 'strong; excellent').
kaš-si4:	 reddish-brown beer ('beer' + 'red-brown').
kaš-sig5:	 good beer ('beer' + 'good, fine quality').
kaš-sig15:	 light beer ('beer' + 'pleasing; valuable'; cf., zíd-sig15).
kaš-sur-ra:	 pressed out beer ('beer' + 'to press; to brew' + nominative).
kàš...sur:	 to urinate ('urine' + 'to expel a liquid').
kaš4...dug4/du11/e:	 to run ('speed' + 'to effect').
kaš4-di:	 adj. or adv., running.
kaš4...kar:	 to run fast ('speed' + 'to escape, run away').
ke-en-ge-ra:	 (cf., ki-en-gi7(-r)).
kéš-de
6:	 a fish measure ('to join, tie' + 'to carry').
ki-a-nañ:	 libation place; deah offering ('place' + 'water' + 'to water').
ki-á-áñ-(ñá):	 he place of issuing orders (cf., á-áñ-ñá, 'instructions, orders').
ki...áñ-(ñ):	 to love (someone:	 wih dative infix; somehing:	 wih locative/loc.-terminative infix); to
show affection ('ground' + 'to measure' = he first recorded euphemism ?, or he result of popular
etymology from kam(2), 'to desire'; cf., ki-ná...aka).
ki-áñ:	 beloved.
ki-bad-rá:	 distant places ('places' + 'to be at a distance' + nominative).
ki-bala:	 rebellious country, rebel land ('place' + 'to revolt').
ki-búr:	 solution, answer ('place' + 'exposed').
ki...dar:	 to break he ground ('ground' + 'to split'; cf., ki-in-dar).
ki...de
6:	 to bury ('ground' + 'to bring; to continue').
ki-di-ku
5-da/ru:	 place of judicial decisions ('place' + 'decisions' + 'to cut, decide' + nominative
wihout/wih vowel harmony).
ki-dul:	 secret; obscure point ('place' + 'to cover, hide').
ki-dúr:	 nest or den for animals (plural, cf., ki-tuš) ('place' + 'to dwell (plural)').110
ki-duru
5:	 parts of he field where he ground is moist and productive; riverbank; generosity (cf.,
piš10, peš10; pešx[KI.A]) ('ground' + 'moist').
ki-e-ne-di:	 playing ground; (place of) dancing (also read as ešemen) ('place' + 'to play').
ki-è:	 exit ('place' + 'to go out').
ki-en-gir15/gi7(-r); ki-en-gi(-r):	 Sumer ('place' + 'lords' + 'noble; native').
ki-gal:	 big place; great Earh (as opposed to an-gal, 'great Heavens'); foundations ('place' + 'big').
ki-(bi-šè)...gi4:	 to restore (usually wih bi-, or wih dative prefix) (lit., return [to its] place)
('place' [ + 'its' + 'to' ] + 'to return, restore').
ki-gibil-gibil-lá:	 constant renewal ('place' + reduplicated 'renewal' + nominative).
ki-gub(-ba):	 assigned place to stand, station; socle ('place' + 'to stand' + nominative).
ki-gul-la:	 waif ('ground' + 'to fall upon' + nominative; cf., gul-lum).
ki-ñar:	 grounds; settled place; place where somehing is built ('ground' + 'to place').
ki...ñar:	 to found, establish (a building or town) (often wih -ni- or bi-) ('ground' + 'to place').
ki-še-er...ñar:	 to bring success ('place' + šár, 'to be many; abundance' + 'to establish').
ki-šè...ñar:	 to fall/hrow upon he ground ('ground' [ + 'onto' ] + 'to set').
ki-ñìri:	 pah ('place' + 'feet; way, pah').
ki-ñiš-ñiš-lá:	 battlefield ('place' + 'tools' + 'to raise'; cf., ñiš-ñiš-lá).
ki-hul:	 mourning rites ('ground' + 'to destroy; evil').
ki...hur:	 to scratch he earh; to paw he ground ('ground' + 'to scratch').
ki-in-dar:	 hole, crevice ('ground' + 'instance of' + 'to split'; cf., ki-dar).
ki-in-du:	 he earh ('ground' + 'instance of' + 'to walk').
ki-in-gi4-a:	 (cf., kin-gi4-a).
ki-inim-ma:	 place of testimony (cf., lú-ki-inim-ma) ('place' + 'oah' + genitive).
ki-ir-ga:	 (cf., di-ir-ga).
ki-iz:	 to trim, to clean (of hair, leaves, or vegetation) (cf., guz).
ki-kal-kal-la:	 he very precious place ('place' + reduplicated 'to value, esteem' + nominative).
ki-kal-la-kal-la:	 he barren place = he neherworld ('place' + 'barren, empty').
ki-kalag:	 hard ground ('ground' + 'strong'; cf., kankal).
ki-kid:	 a place of reed mats ('place' + 'reed mat').
ki...kíñ, kin:	 to seek (wih -ši- denoting he object of he search) ('place, ground' + 'to seek,
scour')
ki-kúkku:	 dark place ('place' + 'dark').
ki-lal/lá(-bi):	 (its) weight, where weight refers to area or volume; excavation, grave; cellar
granary, silo; shape, arrangement ('area' + 'to weigh, lift').111
ñiški-lá:	 water meter.
ki...lá:	 to heed, pay attention to.
ki-lugal-gub(-ba):	 royal place ('place' + 'king' + 'to stand').
ki-lul-la:	 place of murder or violence ('place' + 'malicious act' + genitive).
ki-ma-an-zé-er:	 a slippery place ('a place where it slips for me'; cf., ñìri...zé-er).
ki-mah:	 high place; place of honor; grave ('place' + 'exalted').
ki-ná:	 sleeping quarters; bed, bedding ('place' + 'bed').
ki-ná...aka:	 to make love ('bed' + 'to do').
ki-nam-nitah:	 battlefield ('place' + 'manliness').
KI.NE:	 (cf., dinig and nemur).
ki-ní-te:	 resting place ('place' + ní...te-en, 'to calm down').
ki-ninda-gu7:	 place to eat bread ('place' + 'bread' + 'to eat').
ki...ri:	 to scratch he ground ('ground' + 'to touch ;to gaher').
ki-sá-a:	 socle ('place' + 'to compare wih' + nominative).
ki-sá-al-ma-he:	 syllabic writing for kisal-mah-e, 'in he great courtyard'.
ki-sahar:	 place of silt deposits ('place' + 'silt').
ki-sì-ga:	 funerary offering; quarantine hut ('ground' + 'to place, set' + nominative).
itiki-sig-dNin-a-zu:	 calendar monh 4 at Drehem hrough Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 5 at Drehem
after Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 5 at Ur during Ur III.
ki-sikil:	 young woman; virgin ('place' + 'pure').
ki-a...su-ub:	 to kiss he ground; to prostrate oneself ('ground' + locative + 'to suck').
ki-su-ub...aka:	 to kiss he ground; to make obeisance ('to kiss he ground' + 'to do').
ki-sug8, ki-su7:	 hreshing floor, select fallow land whose surface was conditioned to act as a
hreshing floor ('land' + 'hreshing floor'; cf., kislah).
ki-sum-ma:	 onion-growing land ('land' + 'onions' + genitive).
ki...sur:	 to fix he boundary ('place' + 'ditch; to delimit').
ki-šár:	 horizon; everywhere ('place' + 'totality').
ki-še-er:	 fence; enclosure; limit ('place' + šár, 'to be many'; cf., še-er-tab-ba).
ki-šúr:	 snake hole; grave; cavity in he ground ('place' + 'fierce').
ki-ta:	 below; lower ('ground' + locative wih remote deixis).
ki-X-ta:	 disbursed by X ('from he place of X').
ki...tag:	 to lay on he ground; to lay he foundation ('ground' + 'to adorn').
ki...tùm:	 to bury (a dead person) ('ground' + 'to prepare; to bring').112
ki-tuš:	 seat; dwelling place (singular, cf., ki-dúr) ('place' + 'to sit, dwell (singular)').
ki-umun2-(m):	 "place of knowledge" (school); large beer container ('place' + 'idea, knowledge').
KI-UD(-k):	 desert land ('place' + 'sun; dry').
ki-ùr:	 territory; living grounds ('place' + 'roofs').
ki-uri:	 he land of Akkade ('place' + 'protectors ?').
ki...ús:	 to set on he ground; to touch he ground; to hrow to he ground; to establish (often wih -
ni-) ('ground' + 'to moor, join').
ki...za:	 to bow down, submit (reduplication class) ('ground' + 'to make a repetitive motion').
ki-za...bad; ki-za...sù:	 to make homage far from ('homage' + 'to be at a distance,
remote').
ki-za...túmu:	 to obtain homage; to refuse obeisance ('homage' + 'to obtain').
ki-zàh:	 a sacred locality ('place' + 'to hide').
ki-zú-ur
5-ra:	 sharp edge ('place' + 'teeh' + 'mill stone; to chew' + nominative).
kí-sa:	 (cf., gi-sa).
KÍD-alam:	 sculptor ('to pinch off clay' + 'statue').
kíñ/kinku6:	 a fish.
kíñ...aka:	 to work; to manufacture ('orders' + 'to do').
kíñ-šè...aka:	 to put to work ('orders' + terminative + 'to do').
kíñ-dù-a:	 construction work ('tasks' + 'to build, erect' + nominative).
kíñ-dúb-ba:	 hammering work ('tasks' + 'to strike, hammer' + nominative).
kíñ...ñá:	 to work ('orders' + 'to make, deliver').
kíñ-gi4-a:	 messenger, envoy; message ('messages' + 'to return' + 'he one who').
itikíñ-dInanna:	 calendar monh 6 at Nippur during Ur III.
kíñ-sahar:	 earh-moving work ('tasks' + 'earh, silt').
kíñ-sig(7/17)(-g), kíñ-se11/12(-g):	 evening meal; time of he evening meal; evening; cool
of he evening ('tasks' + 'late').
kíñ-sig-gin7:	 during he evening ('evening' + 'during').
kíñ...ti:	 to assign work ('orders' + 'to keep alive').
kíñ[-kíñ]...til:	 to finish one's work ('orders' + 'to keep alive').
kin:	 (cf., kíñ).
na4kín-an-na:	 upper millstone ('millstone' + 'to be high' + nominative).
kìri[KA]-zal:	 prosperity, splendor; splendid, wonderful ('nose' + 'to shine').
kìri/kir4[KA]-dib/dab:	 groom (for leading donkeys and horses and as a title of a court
official) ('nose' + 'to catch, hold').113
kiri
4-šu-dù:	 supplication(s) ('nose' + 'hand' + 'to fasten, apply').
kiri
4 šu...ñál:	 to pay homage to, to greet (dative) ('nose' + 'hand' + 'to place on').
kiri
4...te-en:	 to sneeze ('nose' + 'cold').
kiri
4...ur5:	 to sniff at; to sneer at ('nose' + 'to smell').
kiri
4-zal:	 joy, prosperity ('dam in a stream' + 'to be full, abundant').
kiri
6...dù:	 to lay out a garden ('garden' + 'to set up; to plant').
kisal-mah:	 main courtyard ('courtyard' + 'foremost').
kiš-nu-ñál:	 brightly lit ('he city of Kish' + 'lamps' + 'to have').
kišib-ñál:	 seal-keeper ('seal' + 'to have').
kišib...ra(-ra):	 to seal; to subpoena ('seal' + 'to roll, impress').
kú:	 (cf., gu7).
KU-KU:	 ancestors (?) ('to found; to lie down').
ku-dun...dug4:	 to profit ('solid base' + 'to heap, pile up' + 'to speak, do').
dugku-kur-dù:	 a jar ('solid base' + 'mountain' + 'to mould, make').
ku-li:	 friend; a standard size clay beer pot in range 0.5 - 1.2 liters ('solid base' + 'true measure').
ku-li-an-na:	 friend of heaven; dragonfly ('friend' + 'sky' + genitive).
ku-mul:	 cumin (Elamite ? loanword).
ku-nu:	 to approach; to be near.
kù-babbar:	 silver ('noble metal' + 'white').
kù-dam-taka4:	 divorce settlement ('silver' + 'spouse' + 'to leave wih a person').
kù-dím:	 goldsmih, silversmih, metal worker ('noble metal' + 'to fashion').
kù-du
8:	 ransom money (for a slave) ('silver' + 'to untie').
kù-ñál:	 inspector ('silver' + 'to have').
kù-im-ba(-aš...ku4):	 to lose money ('silver' + 'loss' ( + plural marker + 'to enter, turn into').
kù...lá:	 to settle an account ('silver' + 'to weigh').
kù-luh-ha:	 refined silver ('noble metal, silver' + 'to clean' + nominative).
kù-sig17:	 gold ('noble metal' + 'yellow').
kù-tuku:	 one who has silver ('silver' + 'to have').
kù-zu:	 expert, erudite, clever; wisdom ('bright' + 'to know').
kù-zu-nì-nam-ma:	 he all wise ('expert' + níñ-na-me, 'anyhing' + genitive).
ku
6-a-dé:	 fresh fish ('fish' + 'water' + 'to pour, water').
ku
6-ab-baku6:	 sea fish ('fish' + 'sea' + genitive).114
ku
6-banšur-ra:	 fish for he (offering) table ('fish' + 'table' + genitive).
ku
6-dar-ra:	 dried fish ('fish' + 'to slice' + nominative).
ku
6-engur(-ra-k):	 fish of he marshes ('fish' + 'fresh waters' + genitive).
ku
6-íl:	 fish delivery ('fish' + 'to carry').
kud-kud-rá:	 a lame person (reduplicated 'to cut off' + nominative).
kug:	 (cf., kù).
kun-kà-an...za:	 to bubble (see he definition for za).
kun-sañ:	 staircase of he sanctuary ('tail; staircase' + 'head, chief').
kun-su
3/13(-su3/13):	 long-tailed ('tail' + 'to stretch; to wag a tail; to be long').
kun-zi(-da):	 weir ('canal reservoir' + 'to strenghen').
ku6kun-zi(-da):	 fish-pond fish.
kur-ñišerin-na:	 mountain of cedar trees ('mountain' + 'cedar' + genitive).
kur-gal:	 great mountain - a metaphor for temples and for Sumer as a place where earh and sky meet
('mountain' + 'big').
kur-gi4mušen:	 goose, geese ('mountains' + 'to return').
kur-ra diri-ga:	 supreme over he lands ('lands' + locative + 'to be supreme' + nominative).
kur-sig:	 deep mountain ('mountain' + 'low').
kúr...di:	 to speak hostile words ('hostile' + 'to speak').
kur
7...aka:	 to inspect ('to watch; lookout' + 'to do').
kur
7-aka:	 inspection record.
kuš...dù:	 to treat or dress skin ('leaher' + 'to raise up, make').
kuš-dù:	 treated or flayed skin.
kuš-dù-dù:	 leaher-dresser.
kuš-lá:	 leaher cord ('leaher' + 'to hang; strap').
kuš-nañ:	 leaher water pail or hose ('leaher' + 'to drink').
kùš-numun:	 in he Akkad period, a lengh measure equal to 2 cubits, 2 ÑIŠ-BAD, = 1 meter.
kuš
7...sud/sù/su:	 to level; to devastate ('devastation' + 'to immerse').
kušu/kušumx(-ki)...tag:	 to crawl; to sneak away; to run ('herd' ( + ground) + 'to touch').
la-ag:	 (cf., lag).
la-ga:	 (cf., lú-la-ga).
la-gal:	 (cf., lagar).
la-ha-ma:	 long-haired hero(s) ?; myhological sea monster ?.
la-la:	 joy; appeal, charms; abundance; vigor (reduplicated 'happiness').115
lá-ìa[NI]:	 remainder of debt left over, difference, arrears ('to weigh; minus' + 'oil'; may be a connection
to ia
4, 'counter'; cf., lalla).
lagab na4za-gìn-na:	 a block of lapis lazuli ('block' + 'lapis lazuli' + genitive).
làl-har:	 myhological lake, pond ('honey; date syrup' + 'ring').
li-gi4-in:	 exercise tablet (loan from Akkadian liginnu).
li-um, le-um:	 plate.
iti dLi
9-si4:	 calendar monh 9 at Umma during Ur III.
lu-ga:	 (cf., lug).
lu-gú:	 to twist; be crooked, not straight ('numerous' + 'edge'; cf., ru-gú).
lu-hu-um:	 mud (luh,'to wash' + imi, 'clay, mud'; don't find Semitic parallels to Akk. luhummû, but
Hebrew/Arabic LH/LHH means 'moist'; cf., lum, 'fertilizer, manure').
lu-lim:	 stag (Akkadian loanword ?; 'to graze, pasture' + 'housand').
lu-úbsar:	 turnip, beet ('abundant' + 'container').
kušlu-úb:	 leaher bag for holding food; lunch bag ('abundant' + 'container').
kušlu-úb-šir(-ra)...aka:	 to prepare (gold or silver) for he precious sack (by sifting)
('leaher bag' + 'testicles' + locative case ending + 'to do').
lú-a-tu
5(-a):	 a priest who bahes he statues of he deities and rulers - lustration priest ('man' +
'water' + 'to wash, bahe' + nominative).
lú-á-tuku:	 strong man, influential person ('man' + 'strengh' + 'to have').
lú-ñišbala:	 man of he spindle ('man' + 'spindle').
lú-bappir(2/3):	 brewer (cf., ningi; lunga) ('man' + 'beer bread').
lú-bar-ra:	 foreigner ('person' + 'outside' + genitive).
lú-búr-ru:	 interpreter (of omens/dreams) ('person' + 'to reveal, interpret (a dream)' + nominative wih
vowel harmony).
lú-dam-tuku:	 a married person ('person' + 'spouse' + 'to have').
lú-di-da:	 opposing party (in a legal case) ('man' + 'law suit' + 'wih').
lú-du-du:	 vagabond ('man' + reduplicated 'to walk').
lú-é-níñ-ka:	 manager of he treasure-house ('man' + 'house' + 'treasure' + double genitive [a]ka[k]).
lú-érim:	 enemy ('man' + 'evil, hostile').
lú-éše:	 prisoner ('man' + 'rope'; cf., é-éše, 'jail' and šaña, 'captive').
lú-ga-šum:	 assassin ('man' + 'I will' + 'to slaughter').
lú-gi-di(-da):	 piper ('man' + 'reed' + di-dé, 'to speak' + nominative).
lú-gi-gíd-da:	 flutist ('man' + 'reed' + 'long' + nominative).
lú-gu-la:	 despot ('man' + 'large').116
lú-gub-ba:	 ecstatic ('man' + 'to stand' + nominative).
lú-ñiš-e3/11:	 doorkeeper, doorman ('man' + 'key').
lú-hun-ñá:	 hired worker ('man' + 'to hire' + nominative).
lú-im/tum9:	 'wind man':	 unreliable person ('man' + 'wind').
lú-inim-ma:	 witness ('person' + 'word' + genitive).
lú-KA×LI-KA×LI:	 incantation priest (cf., tu6, mu7, zug4, uš7, and sig14).
lú-kal-(l):	 dear one ('person' + 'precious').
lú-kar-ra:	 refugee ('person' + 'to escape' + nominative).
lú-kaš4:	 courier ('man' + 'fast runner').
lú-ki-inim-ma:	 witness ('person' + 'place' + 'oah' + genitive).
lú-kúr-ra:	 stranger; enemy ('man' + 'mountains, foreign country' + genitive).
lú-kurun(-/ak/):	 brewer; innkeeper ('man' + 'alcoholic drink' (+ genitive)).
lú-la-ga:	 robber (cf., ma-la-(g)).
lú-lul(-la):	 unfaihful, treacherous man ('man' + 'lies' + genitive).
lú-má-gur8:	 boat captain ('man' + 'large boat').
lú...na-me...nu-:	 no man does X ('man' + prohibitive modal prefix + 'to be' + 'no, not'; cf., u4-name...nu-tuku).
lú-nam-tag-ga:	 sinner ('man' + 'guilt' + genitive).
lú-ní-zu(-/ak/):	 hief ('man' + 'one's own' + 'your' + genitive).
lú-ní-zuh:	 hief ('man' + 'one's own' + 'to steal, rob').
lú-níñ-nu-tuku:	 poor man, debtor ('man' + 'hing' + 'not' + 'to have').
lú-níñ-tuku:	 rich man, wealhy person ('man' + 'hing' + 'to have').
lú-ru-gú:	 recalcitrant, intractable individual(s) ('man' + ru-gú, 'to wihstand, oppose').
lú-ru-gú-da:	 river ordeal, to decide an insoluble legal case, which involved swimming a certain
distance and returning to shore wihout being pulled under by he current ('man' + 'to send' + 'river bank'
+ 'to be near'; cf., ru-gú).
lú-silim:	 perfect man ('man' + 'good, healhy').
lú-su-a:	 friend, acquaintance ('man' + su-a, 'cat').
lú-šár:	 numerous individuals, myriads ('men, people' + 'to be many').
LÚ.ŠE:	 (cf., níga).
lú še bad-rá:	 to hresh ('man' + 'grain' + 'to open, expose, peel, release, split' + nominative).
lú-šuku-ra-ke4-ne:	 persons wih allotted portions ('allotted portions' + genitive + plural).
lú-tu-ra:	 a sick person ('person' + 'to be weak, sick' + nominative).117
lú-u
5-a:	 rider ('man' + 'to mount, ride' + nominative).
lú-u
18[ÑIŠGAL]-(lu):	 mankind; human being ('humans' + 'huge' [ + 'numerous']).
lú-u
18-um:	 name of a breed of small cattle (possible Semitic loanword).
lú-zàh:	 runaway, fugitive ('man' + 'to flee').
lú-zi(-d):	 righteous, good man ('man' + 'faihful, true').
lú-zu(-a):	 acquaintance ('person' + 'to know' + nominative).
lú-zuh:	 hief ('man' + 'to steal, rob').
lugal-šà-lá-sù:	 merciful king ('king' + 'merciful').
lul...dug4:	 to tell a lie ('lie' + 'to speak').
lul...si(-g):	 to keep silent ('lie' + 'to stay silent').
lum-ma:	 a fecund female ('to be fertile, productive' + nominative).
ma-al:	 Emesal dialect for ñál.
(gi)ma-an-sim:	 sieve ('it sifts for me').
ma-az:	 exuberant, joyful; a female dancer.
ma-da:	 district, realm (Akkadian, maatu(m) I, 'land').
ma-la-(g):	 friend (among females) ('to bind' + LA.GA, 'an obscene name for he female genitalia' per
Landsberger).
ma-mu
(2)-(d):	 dream ('it is growing for me').
ma-na:	 a unit of weight measure, mina = ca. 500 grams = 60 gín (since Akkad period, 2 ma-na = 1
sìla of water) (Akk., manûm, 'to count').
ma-na-tur:	 a surface area measure, little mina = 1/3 shekel = 60 surface še = 720 square fingers; as a
volume measure, = 60 še.
ñiš
ma-nu:	 dwarf ash (?), cornel (?); firewood bundle ('to bind' + nu11, 'fire').
ma-ra-az:	 (variant of ma-az).
(gi)ma-sá(-ab):	 a basket ('to bind' + 'to equal in value' (+ 'container') ?; Semitic root means 'circle').
(ñiš)má-addir:	 ferryboat ('boat' + 'ferry; bridge').
(gi)má-da-lá:	 a hick bundle of reeds used to build rafts ('boat' + 'to hold near' + 'to strap, bind').
ñišmá-diri-ga:	 he boat sailing downstream ('boat' + 'to float (wih he current)' + nominative).
lúmá-DU-DU(-d):	 barge captain ('boat' + ?; cf., má-lah4/5).
ñišmá...du
8:	 to caulk a boat ('boat' + 'to spread wih pitch').
(ñiš)má-egir-ra:	 he stern of a boat ('boat' + 'back' + nominative).
má-gan-an-naki:	 Magan (a country on he sea route to India) ('boats' + 'support' + 'to be high' +
nominative).
(ñiš)má-gi(4)-lum:	 a type of small sailing boat ('boat' + gilim, 'reed bundle').118
(ñiš)má...gíd:	 to sail (wih -da-); to tow a barge ('boat' + 'to draw, pull').
(ñiš)má-gur8:	 a large boat, cargo boat; pot stand ('boat' + 'high, deep') [MAGUR archaic frequency:	 5;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
má(-a)...ñar:	 to load a boat ('boat' + 'in' + 'to place').
má-ñéš-gur:	 a boat of sixty-gur capacity ('boat' + 'sixty' + kor basket measure).
(ñiš)má-lá:	 cargo boat ('boat' + 'to extend, load').
lúmá-lah4/5:	 sailor; barge captain ('boat' + 'to drive along').
má-nisañ-ñá:	 boat wih first-fruit offerings ('boat' + 'first-fruits' + nominative).
ñišmá-ru-ru-gú:	 he boat sailing upstream ('boat' + 'to move in a direction opposite to [he current]').
ñišmá-sañ-ñá:	 he bow of a boat; prow ('boat' + 'point, head' + nominative).
má(-a)-si-ga:	 describes products used to fill a boat ('boat' + 'in' + 'to fill' + nominative).
ñišmá...su:	 (cf., ñišmá...du8).
ñišmá-su(-a):	 sunken boat ('boat' + 'submersed' + nominative).
ñišmá-sù-a:	 a deep-draught boat ('boat' + 'empty' + nominative).
ñišmá-še(-/ak/):	 grain boat ('boat' + 'grain' + genitive).
má-tùn[GÍN]:	 asphalt specialist ('boat' + 'to bind, bandage').
má(-a)...u5:	 to go on board; to embark ('boat' + 'to mount').
mà-ùr:	 ravine, gorge ('to go' ? + 'mountain pass').
mah-bi:	 adv., powerfully ('great' + adverbial force suffix).
ñišmar-da ri-a:	 riding wih he wagon ('wagon' + comitative + 'to be located' + nominative).
ñišmar-gíd-da:	 wagon ('wagon' + 'to draw, pull, tow' + nominative).
mar-ru
10[TU/GUR8]:	 flood (cf., mar-uru5).
mar-sa:	 boat transport center ('to lock up' + 'to compensate').
lúMAR-TU[-KI], ñar7-dú:	 nomad; Amorite - Semitic nomad of he western desert ('wagon' + 'to
be born').
(tu15)
mar-uru
5[TU/GUR8]:	 floodstorm (cf., é-mar-uru5) ('to immerse' + 'high, deep').
maš-dà:	 gazelle (cf., mašda).
itimaš-dù-gu7:	 calendar monh 1 at Drehem hrough Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 2 at Drehem after Šu-Sin
3; calendar monh 2 at Ur during Ur III.
maš-gána:	 settlement (Akk. loanword from maškanum, 'location, site', cf., šakaanum 'to place') (ZATU-
356 archaic frequency:	 4).
maš-ñi6:	 (cf., máš-ñi6).
maš-ki:	 agricultural income, yield ('profit, produce, yield' + 'earh').119
maš-maš(-gal):	 a type of priest - (great) exorcist (reduplicated 'goat kid; one-half; loan interest,
profit').
maš-šu-gíd-gíd:	 (cf., šu-maš-gíd-gíd).
maš-tab-ba:	 young twins ('twin' + 'to be double' + nominative).
máš-anše:	 animals, livestock ('goats' + 'equids').
máš-da-ri-a; maš-da-rá-a:	 offering ('goat kid' + 'driven [animal]').
máš-ñi6, maš-ñi6:	 night-time vision, dream; omen ('goat/extispicy' + 'black/night').
máš-lulim:	 hind (female of he red deer) (smaller goat-like animal + 'stag, hart').
máš-niga:	 grain-fed kid (smaller goat-like animal + 'fattened').
máš...šub:	 describes an animal dropping or birhing its young ('goat' + 'to drop').
máš-ùz-da(-k):	 breeding he-goat ('he-goat' + 'she-goat' + genitive).
me-a; mí-a:	 where ?; how ? ('to be' + locative).
me-a...lu(-lu):	 how numerous are...? ('how ?' + 'numerous').
me-a...túm:	 to prepare somehing for he sake of one of he civilized functions ('me' + locative + 'to
be suitable; to prepare').
me-àm:	 where is ? ('to be' + locative + enclitic copula).
ñišme-dím:	 ship's railing (?) ('function' + 'to build').
me-du
10-du10-ga:	 he good 'me's, he beneficial functions. ('civilization's functions' + reduplicated
'sweet, good' + nominative).
me-en:	 I am; I; also a writing for me, 'function' ('to be' + '1st & 2nd person ending').
me-en-dè(-en):	 we; us ('to be' + '1st person plural ending').
me-en-zè(-en):	 you (plural) ('to be' + '2nd person plural ending').
-me-eš:	 used as plural suffix, especially in late Sumerian and Akkadian context texts.
me-gal:	 great office ('function' + 'great').
me-te...ñál:	 to be fitting ('fitting hing' + 'to be').
me...ñar:	 to make silent ('divine decree' + 'to set').
me-huš:	 terrible 'me's, negative attributes ('functions' + 'terrible, angry').
me-kìlib-ba:	 all he 'me's, all he functions of civilized life.
me-lám/li9(-m), me-lim5[LAM]:	 terrifying glance; splendor, radiance; halo, aura, light
(myh.) ('divine power' + 'awe-inspiring quality; to shine').
me-lám...sù-sù:	 to deck wih splendor ('splendor' + 'to strew, furnish, provide').
me-li-e-a:	 'woe is me'.
me-luh-haki:	 a country - probably he Indus valley civilization in Pakistan.
me-mah:	 he high 'me's, he high functions ('function' + 'high, exalted').120
me-na-àm:	 when? ('to be' + èn, 'time; until' + enclitic copula).
me-na-šè:	 how long? ('to be' + èn, 'time; until' + terminative).
me-nam-nun-na:	 he (god-given) 'me' of royalty ('function' + 'rulership' + genitive).
me-ni-da:	 along wih himself ('to be' + 'self' + 'wih').
me-nì-galam:	 perfected 'me's ('functions' + 'hing' + 'artistic, complicated').
me-re:	 Emesal dialect for ñìri.
me-šár-ra; me-ša-ra:	 all he 'me's ('functions' + 'totality; to be numerous' + nominative).
me-šè:	 where to?, to where ? ('to be' + terminative).
me-te:	 fitting hing; suitability; unique; ornament; proper dress ('function' + 'to meet').
me-te-bi-im:	 to suit, befit ('to be its fitting hing').
me-te-ñál-sañ-ñi6-ga:	 adornment of he black-headed people, such as national totems,
tatoos, costumes or oher symbols of he Sumerians ('ornament' + 'to be' + 'he black-headed' + genitive).
me(-da)...tùm:	 how will X attain or succeed ('function' + comitative + 'to obtain').
mè-šen(-šen-na):	 battle; war ('battle' + 'copper implement').
men-an-uraš-a:	 crown of heaven and earh ('crown' + 'heaven' + 'earh' + genitive).
men-dalla:	 beaming crown ('crown' + 'beam, ray; to be bright').
men-ri-ba; men-rib-ba:	 supreme crown ('crown' + 'supreme').
men-sañ:	 head-crown ('crown' + 'head'; cf., sañ-men).
mi-ir:	 Emesal dialect for ñíri, 'scorpion'.
mi-rí:	 (cf., mer).
ñišmi-rí-tum:	 a musical instrument (loanword).
(ñiš)MI(-si)-sahar(-ra)(ku6):	 sieve; moray eel (?) ('dark'(?) + 'ray-like; to fill' + 'sand, sediment'
+ genitive/locative).
(ñiš)mi-tum:	 a mace (Akkadian, miitum, 'dead man').
mí-a:	 (cf., me-a).
mí...dug4/du11/e:	 to praise; to handle gently, caress, rub; to take great care wih (often wih -ni-)
('female' + 'to speak, do').
MÍ-eden-na:	 she-ass of he steppe ('female' + 'steppe' + genitive).
MÍ-gir:	 heifer, young cow ('female' + 'young heifer').
MÍ-u
5-a:	 selected for breeding ('female' + 'to mount' + nominative).
MÍ-u
8:	 ewe lamb ('female' + 'ewe').
mí-ús-sá:	 bride ?; son-in-law ? ('woman' + 'to come near to' + 'to equal in value').
mí-ús-sá-tur:	 son-in-law ('woman' + 'to come near to' + 'to equal in value' + 'young, little').121
itimin-èš:	 calendar monh 7 at Umma during Ur III.
mu-X:	 year X (indicates a date according to a notable event hat occurred during he year).
mu-...-a(k)-šè:	 because (in a nominalized sentence); for somebody's sake ('name' + genitive +
terminative).
mu-dili-dili:	 individual entries (in a lexical series) ('entry, line on a tablet' + reduplicated 'single').
mu-dù-ù-bi:	 all year long ('year' + 'to work' + 'after' + 'it').
mu-dur
7[BU](-ra):	 dirt; dirty (rags).
mu-gub:	 assigned lines ('word, sentence' + 'to set down').
mu hé-ñál-la:	 a year of abundance ('year' + 'overflow; abundance' + genitive).
mu-im-ma:	 last year ('year' + 'last, previous').
mu-lá:	 (cf., gal5-la).
mu-mu-a:	 among all names = among known persons (reduplicated 'name' + locative).
mu...pàd/pà:	 to invoke; to choose ('name' + 'to call, swear').
mu-lugal...pàd/pà:	 to swear by he king's name ('name' + king + 'to call, swear').
mu-ru(-b):	 (cf., murub4, múru).
mu(-šè)...sa4:	 to name; to give as name ('name' (+ terminative) + 'to name').
mu-sar-ra:	 (royal) inscription ('name, word' + 'to write' + nominative).
túgmu-sír-ra:	 mourning garment ('garment' + personal prefix + 'weak, feverish' + nominative).
mu-ša-lum:	 mirror (Akkadian loanword).
mu...šè:	 because ('name' + terminative).
itimu-šu-du
7:	 calendar monh 9 at Lagaš during Ur III.
mu-tuku:	 to be famous ('name' + 'to have').
mu-túm:	 delivery (personal prefix + 'to bring').
mu-ú-a:	 his year ('year' + ? + nominative).
mu-ud-na:	 spouse (mud, 'to give birh' + 'human being').
mu-ús-sa:	 he following year ('year' + 'to follow' + nominative).
mú-mú:	 always being reborn (such as he moon) (reduplicated 'to ignite; to sprout, appear').
mu
6[PA]-sùb:	 shepherd (PA as mu6 only occurs in his compound + 'shepherd').
mud-ñál:	 begetter ('to give birh' + 'to be').
mug...dun:	 to sort out he tow (from he usable, longer fibers) ('tow' + 'to heap up').
mun-du:	 emmer groats; morning meal (time); an acceptable food offering for he dead (Akk. mundu).
mun-gazi:	 spices; an industrial process of reducing he volume of goods by pulverizing until 'like salt'
('salt' + 'cassia spice').122
mur-gig:	 paralysis (?); lung cancer (?) ('lungs' + 'illness; to be sick, painful').
mur-gu4:	 fodder, forage, feed ('fodder' + 'domestic ox').
iti
munu4-gu7:	 calendar monh 5 at Lagaš during Ur III.
munus-kar-ke4:	 (cf., (munus)kar-kid).
murgu-ba:	 turtle carapace, shell - used as a mixing bowl or trough ('back' + 'turtle').
múrgu[LUM]-...-ta:	 after ('back' + ablative).
itimurub4:	 calendar monh 4 at Umma during Ur III.
muš-da-gur4:	 gecko, lizard ('reptile'+ 'arms, sides' + 'plump, big').
múš...dub:	 comb or set hair ('appearance' + 'to heap up').
mùš...de
6/túm:	 to stop working; to cease ('appearance' + 'to prepare').
mùš-me:	 face, features ('face, appearance' + 'to say, tell').
mušen-dù:	 fowler ('bird' + 'to mould').
na-ab-bé-a:	 hus does he/she speak (affirmative + î, conjugation prefix + b, inanimate pronominal
prefix + e, 'to speak' in marû singular + e, 3rd person marû singular subject marker + nominal).
na-áñ-gi4-in:	 slavery ('human being' + 'to check, measure' + 'slave').
na...de
5[RI]:	 to give advice, instructions; to cleanse; to fell trees (cf., na...ri(-g))
(prohibitive/affirmative + 'to advise').
na-DU:	 read na...de
6 or na...ri6, 'advice, instructions'.
na-gada:	 herdsman (from Akkadian naaqidum, 'shepherd').
na-ñá-ah:	 fool ('human being' + 'to deliver' + 'spittle' ?).
na-izi:	 incense ('incense' + 'fire').
na-kab-tum:	 a cattle pen (Akk. loanword, indicating a place for cattle to be inseminated).
na-nam:	 indeed.
na(-šè)...ri(-g):	 to inspect; to counsel in a friendly way (cf., na...de5)
(prohibitive/affirmative + 'to pick').
na-RI:	 instructions (cf., na-DU).
na
(4)-rú-a:	 stele, dedicatory stone ('stone' + 'to erect, plant' + nominative).
ñišná-gi4-rin-na:	 divine bed ('bed' + 'fruit, flowers' + genitive).
na4-šag4-túg:	 stone weight for cloak ('pebble, weight' + 'inside' + 'cloh garment').
na4-šu-mìn:	 anvil ('weight' + 'hand, strengh' + 'partner, equal').
nañ-énsi-ka:	 city ruler beverage ('drink' + 'city ruler' + genitive).
nañ-ku5:	 reservoir created by erecting embankments off to he side of a canal to which to divert some of
he flood water wihin he canal ('drink' + 'to cut').
nañ-TAR:	 drinking water reservoir ('drink' + 'to separate').123
naña...dúb:	 to wash wih soap ('soap' + 'to flop about, strike').
naña-gaz:	 crushed soda (plant ?) ('soda, alkali' + 'to crush, powder').
naña-kum:	 crushed soda (plant ?) ('soda, alkali' + 'to crush, bruise').
naña-si-è:	 sprouted alkaline plant ('soapwort' + 'antennae' + 'to go forh').
naña...su-ub:	 to rub wih soap ('soap' + 'to suck [away wih]').
nam-a-zu:	 medical arts (abstract prefix + 'physician').
nam-á-ñál:	 strengh (abstract prefix + 'arm, strengh' + 'to be available').
nam-ab-ba:	 he older generation, elders (abstract prefix + 'faher, elder').
nam-ama:	 moherhood (abstract prefix + 'moher').
nam-bára:	 monarchy (abstract prefix + 'hrone dais; ruler').
nam-dam:	 marital status (abstract prefix + 'spouse').
nam-dam-gàr:	 trade (abstract prefix + 'merchant').
nam-diñir:	 divinities (abstract prefix + 'deity').
nam-dùg/du10:	 somehing favorable (abstract prefix + 'sweet').
nam-dugud:	 heaviness; importance (abstract prefix + 'heavy').
nam-dumu:	 childhood, youh (abstract prefix + 'child').
nam-en:	 lordship; office of lord, high priest (abstract prefix + 'lord').
nam-en-zi-da:	 true 'en'-ship ('lordship' + 'legitimate; true' + nominative).
nam-érim; nam-érin:	 solemn oah; curse (abstract prefix + 'enemy, destruction').
nam-galam(-ma):	 majesty, perfection (abstract prefix + 'artistic, complicated' + nominative).
nam-gi4-me-a-aš:	 collegiality, fellowship (abstract prefix + 'to return, come back' + 'office, function'
+ locative + plural suffix) (cf., gi4-me-a-aš).
nam-gur4:	 pride; feeling of importance (abstract prefix + 'to feel big').
nam-guruš:	 youhful vigor (abstract prefix + 'young man, worker').
nam-hé:	 abundance (abstract prefix + 'abundant').
nam-hul:	 pain, discomfort (abstract prefix + 'to harm').
nam-išib:	 purification.
nam-kalag:	 strengh (abstract prefix + 'strong').
nam...kar:	 to take away one's destiny ('destiny' + 'to take away').
nam-ki-áña:	 love (abstract prefix + 'to love').
nam-kiri4-šu-dù-a:	 supplication(s) (abstract prefix + 'supplication(s)').
nam-kù-zu:	 wisdom, expertise, cleverness (abstract prefix + 'expert').
nam...kud/ku5:	 to curse (often wih -ta-); to decide ('destiny' + 'to cut').124
nam-ku-li:	 friendship (abstract prefix + 'friend').
nam-érim(-bi)...kud:	 to swear, confirm by oah ('destiny' + 'hostile' ( + adverbial force suffix) +
'to cut').
PN nam-kúr-re:	 'may PN not change it' (na, prohibitive prefix + nasal î, 'impersonal conjugation
prefix', + -ib-, 'it', + 'to change' in marû form).
nam-lú-inim-ma:	 he act of witnessing (abstract prefix + 'witness').
nam-lú-u
18/lu7, nam-lú-ùlu:	 people, mankind, humanity (abstract prefix + 'human being'
+ 'huge').
nam-lú-ùlu...aka:	 to treat wih human dignity ('humanity' + 'to do').
nam-lugal:	 kingship (abstract prefix + 'king').
nam-luh:	 purification (abstract prefix + 'to clean').
nam-lul:	 treachery (abstract prefix + 'to lie, deceive').
nam-mah:	 greatness (abstract prefix + 'high, exalted, great').
nam-mah...dug4/du11/e:	 to exalt ('greatness' + 'to effect').
nam-me:	 may he/she/it not be (na, prohibitive + î, conjugation prefix + 'to be').
nam(-ga)-me-a/àm:	 should here not be (na, prohibitive + { î, conjugation prefix + ga, conjugation
prefix 'and hen' + me, 'to be' } + (-a)-m, 3rd. sing. enclitic copula).
nam-mu:	 why does it concern me? (a-na-àm, 'why' + 'my, mine').
nam-mul:	 sparkling (abstract prefix + 'stars').
nam-nin:	 rulership; position of supreme power (abstract prefix + 'queen').
nam-nar:	 concert, harmony (abstract prefix + 'musician').
nam-nir-ñál:	 distinction, reputation; superiority (abstract prefix + 'noble, auhority').
nam-nu-tar:	 ill-fated ('destiny' + 'not' + 'cut').
nam-nun:	 deep, profound (abstract prefix + 'great, fine, deep').
nam-ra-ag:	 prisoner of war, used for work; captivity (abstract prefix + 'to impress wih a seal').
nam-RI-hU:	 bird breeder (?) (abstract prefix + 'to tend' + 'bird').
nam-sa
6-ga:	 pleasure (abstract prefix + 'to please, satisfy').
nam-sañ-ñá...aka:	 to treat wih respect (abstract prefix + 'first-class' + nominative + 'to do').
nam-sipa...aka:	 to practice shepherdship (abstract prefix + 'shepherd' + 'to do').
nam-sun
5:	 humility (abstract prefix + 'modesty').
nam-sun
7:	 quarreling, bickering (abstract prefix + 'quarrel').
nam-šeš(-a):	 bitterness (abstract prefix + 'to taste bitter').
nam-šilig:	 violence (abstract prefix + 'powerful; axe').
nam-šilig...aka:	 to use violence ('violence' + 'to do').125
nam-šilig...gum/gú-ñá-àm:	 it is disastrous (?) ('violence' + 'mortar/back of neck' + 'to
place' + 'it is').
nam-šita:	 prayer, supplication (abstract prefix + 'clean, bahed').
nam-šub:	 incantation, spell (abstract prefix + 'to cast').
nam-tag:	 responsibility, guilt (abstract prefix + 'to handle').
nam-tar:	 fate, destiny (abstract prefix + 'to determine, decide').
nam...tar:	 to decree he fate (most often wih -ni-, or -ri-, 2. sg.; wih -da- indicates hat several
parties are deciding he fate); to make a firm promise ('destiny' + 'to determine').
nam-tar-eñir-ra(-/ak/):	 he future order ('fate' + 'future' + genitive).
nam-ti, nam-til-la:	 life (abstract prefix + 'to live').
nam-ugula[PA]:	 foremanship (abstract prefix + 'foreman').
nam-ur
5-ra:	 after hat, as a result ('destiny' + 'it' + genitive).
nam-ùkur/úku(-r):	 poverty (abstract prefix + 'to be poor').
nam-umun-na:	 sovereignty (abstract prefix + 'title of respect' + nominative).
nam-úš:	 deah (abstract prefix + 'to die').
NÁM-di:	 swindle (?) ('planning ability' + 'legal case').
ne...gub:	 to position oneself ('precise' + 'to stand'; cf., ní...gub).
ne-ha:	 rest, repose (from Akkadian neehtum, 'peace, security').
ne-mur:	 glowing coals, fire.
itiNE-izi-ñar:	 calendar monh 5 at Nippur during Ur III.
NE-ra:	 (cf., bí-ra).
ne-sañ:	 (cf., nisañ).
ne...su-ub:	 to kiss ('an instance' + sub, 'to suck').
ne-šè:	 on whose behalf ?; concerning someone ('his one' + terminative suffix).
NI-dub:	 (cf., ì-dub).
ni-gi-da:	 unit of sixty, hing of sixty = ba-rí-ga (níñ-ñešta).
ni-gi4-íb:	 a resin ('his one' + 'to restore' + 'loins').
ni-ik-tum:	 a resin (loanword ?).
ni-is-ku:	 choice; a class of persons or animals; fine steed (from Akkadian nisqum).
NI-KUŠ-NÍÑIN:	 a vessel.
ní-a:	 by itself ('self' + adverbial suffix).
ní-ba:	 by itself ('self' + bi, 'its' + a, nominative ?).
ní-bi(-a):	 (by) itself ('self' + adverbial force suffix).126
ní-buluñ5[DÚB]; ní-balañ:	 pompous ('self' + 'to grow big').
ní...dar:	 to be fearful ('fear' + 'to slice, shatter').
ní-diñir(-/ak/):	 he fear of god ('fear' + 'god' + genitive).
ní[IM]...dirig:	 to sail ('self' + 'to float over'; ní reading from Alster, Sumerian Proverbs).
ní...dúb:	 to relax ('self' + 'to knock down').
ní-gal:	 great fear, awe ('fear, awe' + 'great').
ní-ñál:	 terrifying ('fear' + 'to place').
ní...gíd:	 to stretch out ('self' + 'to reach out, lenghen').
ní...gub:	 to position oneself ('self' + 'to stand'; cf., ne...gub).
ní-gùr-(r); ní-guru6:	 imposing, awesome ('fear, awe' + 'bearing').
ní-ñu10, ní-mu:	 myself ('self' + 'my').
ní...íla:	 to inspire awe; to raise oneself ('fear, awe; self' + 'to raise').
ní(-zu)...lá:	 to diminish or humiliate (your)self ('self' + 'your' + 'to diminish').
ní...ri:	 to be afraid of somehing, to inspire fear (wih -da-) ('fear' + 'to strike').
ní-su-ub:	 coward ('fear' + 'to suck; to pray, prostrate oneself').
ní šu-a...gi4:	 to submit oneself to someone's protection ('self' + 'hand, strengh' + locative + 'to
return to').
ní...te/ti(-ñe26):	 to be scared; to fear, respect (wih -da-) ('fear' + 'to attack').
ní...te(-en):	 to rest; to calm down; to cool ('fear; body' + ten, 'to extinguish, allay, cool down').
ní-te(-n):	 alone; personally ('fear' + 'to be frightened').
ní...tuku:	 to experience awe or fear; awesome ('fear' + 'to get, have').
ní-zu:	 yourself ('self' + 'your').
ní-zu/zuh:	 (cf., lú-ní-zu, lú-ní-zuh).
nì:	 (cf., níñ).
túgníñ-XXX:	 (cf., túg-níñ-XXX).
níñ-a-ru:	 a consecrated gift ('hing' + 'to give as a votive gift').
níñ-á-ñar:	 violence ('hing' + 'arm, strengh' + 'to set').
níñ-á-sì-ga:	 well-established (?) ('hing' + 'strengh' + 'to set in place' + nominative).
lúníñ-áña:	 a temple servant ('hings' + 'to measure, check').
níñ-ak-ak:	 deed; activity ('hing' + reduplicated 'to do').
níñ-ba:	 gift, present ('hing' + 'to give').
níñ-bal-bal:	 trading of merchandise ('hings' + 'to revolve, transfer, deliver').
níñ-bàn-da:	 a measuring vessel ('hing' + 'junior').127
níñ-bún-na(ku6):	 turtle ('hing' + 'blister; to be swollen').
níñ-dab5:	 somehing held or for which responsibility is assumed; wages ('hing' + 'to hold, hire, receive').
lúníñ-dab5[-ba]-ke4-ne:	 warehouse keepers ('hing' + 'to hold, receive').
níñ-dañal:	 teeming; wide ('hings' + 'copious').
níñ-dím-dím-ma:	 created creatures ('hings' + 'to fashion, create' + nominative).
níñ-diri:	 supplement ('hing' + 'addition').
NÍÑ-DU:	 a lengh measure.
níñ-dù-a:	 a measure for fruit ('hing' + 'to erect on he ground' + nominative).
níñ-du7:	 what is suitable, prescribed, or as it should be ('hing' + 'suitable').
níñ...dug4:	 to say somehing ('hing' + 'to speak').
níñ-á-zi...dug4:	 to speak unjustly ('hing' + 'violence' + 'to speak').
níñ-DUN:	 submission ('hing' + 'subordinate).
níñ-en-na:	 'gentlemen's possession' ('hing' + 'lord' + genitive).
níñ-érim:	 evil; wickedness; dishonesty; injustice ('hing' + 'hostile').
giníñ-esir-ra:	 washbowl (made of bitumen-coated reeds) ('hing' + 'bitumen' + genitive).
níñ-GA:	 (cf., níñ-gur11).
níñ ga-ti:	 I promise it ('hing' + 1st person cohortative modal prefix + 'to keep alive').
níñ gal-gal:	 hings of all sort ('hing' + reduplicated 'big').
níñ-gi-na:	 justice; trustworhiness; truh ('hing' + 'true, reliable' + nominative).
níñ-gig:	 evil; taboo, abomination ('hing' + 'illness').
níñ-gilim:	 sieve; ruining, spoiling; mongoose ('hing' + 'to twist'; cf., dnin-kilim).
níñ-gu7:	 food ('hing' + 'to eat').
níñ-gu7-a:	 fattened; consumption; food consumed ('hing' + 'to eat' + nominative suffix).
níñ-gu7-da:	 nourishment ('hing' + 'to eat' + contraction of marû participial and nominative suffixes).
níñ-gu7-dè:	 somehing designated for consuming ('hing' + 'to eat' + marû participial suffix).
níñ-gul:	 maul, used to break he clods left after harrowing ('hing' + 'to destroy').
níñ-gur11[GA]:	 property; possession; property owner ('hing' + 'piled up').
níñ-ñál(-la):	 sickle ('object' + 'to fill a storage basket' + nominative).
níñ-ñiš-tag-ga:	 offering ('object' + 'to make a religious offering').
níñ-hu-hu-nu:	 helplessness ('object' + 'helpless').
níñ-igi...nu-du8-a:	 somehing never seen (by an eye) ('hing' + 'eye' + 'not' + 'to crack open' +
nominative).
níñ-íl(-l):	 support ('hing' + 'to raise up').128
níñ-im-ba:	 loss ('hing' + 'he paid out').
níñ-ka-bi ba-ak:	 account settled ('account' + 'its' + conjugation prefix + 'to make').
níñ-kal-la:	 precious ('hing' + 'to value, esteem' + nominative).
níñ-kal-kal(-la):	 everyhing valuable ('hings' + reduplicated 'to value, esteem' + nominative).
níñ-kas7/ka9[ŠID]:	 account; accounting; result (of a mahematical operation or calculation) (from
Akk. nikkassu , 'deduction', from nakaasu , 'to cut off').
níñ-ka9-ak:	 balanced account ('account' + 'made').
níñ-kas7; níñ-gaz:	 half-reed = 3 cubits (Akk. nikkas).
níñ-ki:	 vermin; beasts ('hings' + 'ground').
níñ-ki-sè:	 funerary offerings (cf., ki-sì-ga) ('hings' + 'ground' + 'to apply').
níñ-kú:	 (cf., níñ-gu7).
ñišníñ-ku5(-da):	 wedge to tighten a bound join ? on a plow ('hing' + 'to separate' + nominative).
níñ-kúr:	 belligerence; breaking an agreement ('hing' + 'hostile'/'to change').
níñ-lul-la:	 treachery ('hing' + 'to lie, deceive' + nominative).
níñ-mah:	 a lot; too much ('hing' + 'to be large').
níñ-me-ñar:	 silence; acclaim; he 'perfect tribute' ('hing' + 'to make silent').
níñ-mí-ús-sá:	 wedding gift ('hing' + 'woman' + 'to come near to' + 'to equal in value').
níñ-na-me; níñ-nam:	 anyhing ('hing' + emphatic prefix + 'to be').
níñ-nam-kù:	 property made of precious metal ('possessions' + abstract prefix + 'precious metal').
níñ-nam-nu-kal:	 nohing is precious ('anyhing' + 'not' + 'valued').
níñ-nam-tar-ra:	 nature ('hing' + 'fate').
níñ-nu-dùg:	 unpleasant (hings) ('hings' + not + 'sweet, good').
níñ-nu-mu-da-sá:	 nohing is comparable wih it ('hings' + 'not' + conjugation prefix + 'wih' + 'to
equal in value').
níñ-nu-sa6-ga:	 unpleasant (hings) ('hings' + not + 'sweet, good').
níñ...ra:	 to hrow somehing; to beat (up) ('hing' + 'to strike').
níñ-sa-ha(2):	 fruit remaining after he harvest; garden fruit; springtime fruit ('hing' + Akk. ,sahharu ,
'somehing small'; cf., also Akk. muhummu ).
(urudu)níñ-sa-sa:	 roasting oven ('hing' + 'roasting').
níñ-sá[DI]:	 goal ('hing' + 'to compare wih; to compete').
níñ-sa6-ga:	 pleasure, happiness ('hing' + 'sweet, good').
níñ-sám:	 price ('hing' + 'to buy, sell').
níñ-sám/sa10-ma(-šè):	 (for) purchase ('hing' + 'to buy, sell' + nominative [ + terminative suffix]).129
níñ-si-sá:	 equity, justice, fairness ('hing' + 'straight').
níñ-sig-ga:	 weakness ('hing' + 'small, weak').
níñ-sila11[ŠID]-ñá:	 dough.
níñ-šà-bi:	 what is in it; contents ('hings' + 'interior' + 'its').
níñ-šà-ñar-ra:	 famine ('hing' + 'hunger' + nominative).
níñ-šà-te-na:	 soohing to one's heart or mood ('hing' + 'heart, mood' + 'to soohe' + nominative).
níñ-ŠID:	 (cf., níñ-kas7/ka9).
níñ-šu-ñá:	 everyhing in my hands ('hing' + 'hands' + 'in my').
níñ-šu-taka4-a:	 objects hat will be given away ('object' + 'to send, abandon' + nominative).
níñ-šu-ti-a:	 what(ever) one receives ('object' + 'to receive' + nominative).
níñ...šub:	 to neglect somehing ('hing' + 'to let drop').
níñ-túg:	 blanket (for an animal); pack-saddle ('hing' + 'cloh').
níñ-tuku:	 rich, wealhy ('hing' + 'to have').
níñ-tukum-ta(-/ak/):	 somehing coincidental ('hing' + 'if' + 'from' + genitive).
níñ-tur:	 a small amount ('hing' + 'small').
níñ-ú-rum:	 possession; acquisition ('hing' + 'personal, private').
níñ-ú-zug4[KA×LI]:	 foul food ('hing' + 'plant, food' + 'to spit out ?').
níñ-u4-da-rí(-/ak/):	 everlasting, persistent ('hing' + 'days' + 'long lasting' + genitive).
níñ-u4-ì[ZAL]-li:	 somehing for he future ('hing' + 'days' + 'to pass' + participial marû e(d)
wih vowel harmony).
níñ-ul:	 what is fit for he cult ('hing' + 'primordial').
níñ-úr-limmu:	 four-legged creature, livestock ('hing' + 'legs' + 'four').
níñ-ur5-sa6-sa6:	 sweetness; (sexual) happiness ('hing' + ur5...sa6, 'to feel comfortable').
níñ-zi(-šà)-ñál:	 living creature ('hing' + 'alive').
níñ-zú-gub:	 food ('hing' + 'teeh' + 'to set').
níñ-zuh:	 somehing stolen ('hing' + 'to steal, rob').
lúníñ-ZUM-DIM4:	 a temple servant.
niñir-si:	 paranymph, a man who had to take care of he bride before he young couple was married ('a
bride's male attendant' + 'upright, normal').
nim...ñír:	 to lighten; to flash ('upper country' + 'lightning flash').
nin-diñir:	 high priestess ('lady' + 'gods').
nin-EN:	 (cf., nin-uru16).
nin-išib:	 lustration priestess ('lady' + 'to purify').130
dnin-kilim:	 mongoose ('divine proprietress' + 'herd of wild animals'; cf., níñ-gilim).
dnin-nínnamušen:	 owl ('divine proprietress' + 'owl').
nin ur
5 ì-sa6:	 lady, sweeheart ('lady' + 'to be/make comfortable, happy').
nin-uru
16:	 mighty queen ('lady' + 'mighty').
ninda-àr-ra:	 pulpy dish (prepared) of green-malt ('bread' + 'to chew' + nominative).
ninda-ba:	 bread offering ('bread' + 'to give; to divide, apportion').
ninda-bar-si:	 a type of bread made wih bar-si emmer wheat flour.
ninda-durun
x[DÚR.DÚR]-na:	 long-lasting bread (?); bread to eat while sitting (?) ('bread' + 'to
sit, dwell; to dry out' + nominative; opposed to ninda-gub-ba, 'snack-bread').
ninda-gu:	 a type of bread ('bread' + 'net' ?).
ninda-gu7:	 food ('bread; food' + 'to eat').
ninda-ñíri:	 a type of bread ('bread' + 'expedition, trip').
ninda-KA-gu7:	 a type of bread ('bread' + 'mouh' + 'to eat').
ninda-kum4[UD]-ma:	 a type of bread ('bread' + 'mortar-ground flour' + nominative).
ninda-pad-rá:	 morsels of bread ('bread' + 'bite, morsel').
ninda-sañ-gu7:	 he best bread for eating ('bread' + 'prime' + 'to eat').
ninda-síki[UD]:	 a type of bread.
ninda-SÌLA:	 a type of bread ('bread' + 'liter').
NIR-da:	 (cf., šer7-da).
nir-ñál:	 noble (one); auhority, expert; auhorities; reliance ('raised high' + 'to be').
nir...ñál:	 to have auhority; to be reliable; to rely, trust in (wih -da-) ('auhority' + 'to be wih').
nir-ñál-mè-a:	 respected in battle ('auhority' + 'battle' + locative).
nir-gam-(m):	 vault ('raised high' + 'to curve').
nir-padku6:	 a fish ? ('frog' + 'bite, small repast').
NITAh-dun-gi:	 a type of jackass ('male' + 'yoke' ?).
nìta[MUNUS-UŠ]-dam:	 husband ('male' + 'spouse').
nu-a:	 to lack, be wihout ('not' + nominative).
nu-banda
3,5:	 supervisor of works, overseer ('not' + 'young').
nu-dùg(-ga):	 unpleasant ('not' + 'sweet, good' + nominative).
nu-dug4-ga:	 not talking ('not' + 'to speak' + nominative).
nu-èš:	 knife bearer - a cultic functionary ('image, likeness' + 'shrine').
nu-gi-na:	 unjust; unfit ('not' + 'just; firm' + nominative).
nu-gig:	 temple prostitute, hierodule ('not' + 'sick, painful').131
nu-ñar-ra:	 hriftless; disorderly ('not' + 'to store' + nominative).
nu-ñiškiri
6(-k):	 gardener (pronominal prefix or dialectal lú --> nu ?).
nu-kù:	 no money, i.e., a worhless penny ('not' + 'silver, precious metal').
ñišnu-kúš:	 door pivot ('not' + 'to be tired').
nu-kúš-ù:	 restlessness ('not' + 'to be tired').
nu-luh-ha(sar):	 a plant (asa foetida) he fetid gum resin of whose root was used as a medicine ('not' +
'to be clean, fresh' + nominative).
nu-ma-su:	 (cf., nu-mu-un-su).
nu-me-a:	 which is not.... ('not' + 'to be' + nominative).
nu-me-en-na-ta:	 you don't exist ('not' + me-en, 'to be', 2nd pers. sing. + a-ta, temporal clause
suffix).
nu-mu-da-sá:	 (cf., níñ-nu-mu-da-sá).
nu-mu-un-su, nu-ma-su:	 widow ('she has not replaced [her husband]').
nu-ra:	 not stamped wih a seal ('not' + 'to stamp').
nu-sa
6:	 not good ('not' + 'sweet, good').
nu-siki/síg:	 orphan ('not' + 'wool [garment/blanket?]').
(ñiš)nu-úr-ma:	 pomegranate (tree) (Akk. nurmû, lurmûm, luriinu; Orel & Stolbova #2122 *riman- 'fruit').
nu(-un/ub)-zu:	 to not know; to not recognize; to not notice ('not' ( + 'him, her'/'it') + 'to know').
nu-zu:	 ignorant ('not' + 'to know').
nu-zu-a:	 unknown ('not' + 'to know' + nominative).
num-sahar-ra:	 fly (insect) ('flying insect' + 'dust; rubbish' + genitive).
numun...è/i-i:	 to issue seed, bring forh offspring ('seed' + 'to send forh').
numun...ñar:	 to sow ('seed' + 'to place, deposit').
ñišnumun-ñar-GUL:	 a part of he seeder plow ('seed' + 'to place' + 'to obstruct').
NUMUN-ñisal:	 a tool ('seed' + 'rudder').
numun-sum-gaz:	 crushed onion seed ('seed' + 'onion' + 'crushed').
numun...til:	 to run out of seeds ('seeds' + 'to finish, put an end to').
NUN.ME(.PÙ):	 (cf., abgal(2)).
pa-áñ:	 nostrils ('wings' + 'to measure, check').
PA+DUG-um:	 an allowance, payment.
pa...è; pa-è...aka:	 to show; to make appear; to let shine; to make resplendent (often wih -nior bi-) ('bud, sprout' + 'to send forh' + 'to make').
pa(4)-har:	 wages ('small canal' + 'coil of silver', cf, a-pa4).132
pa-pah:	 cella, inner sanctum of a temple (cf., Orel & Stolbova #1926, *pah- "close, lock").
pa-rim4:	 (cf., parim).
pa-sa-lal-a:	 a bundle of brushwood ('branch' + 'bundle' + 'to lift, carry; to bind' + nominative).
pa-TAR:	 cut-off branches/twigs ('branch' + 'to cut off').
PA+USAN:	 a shepherd.
pà-da:	 an occupation ('to find; to declare' + nominative).
pa4[PAB]-a-da-ga:	 flowing irrigation ditch ('irrigation ditch' + 'flowing wih water').
pa4...ba-al:	 to dig ditches ('irrigation ditch' + 'to dig').
pap-hal(-la):	 n., leg, high; confinement, poverty; share (Akk. loan, cf., hal, ha-la).
v., to walk.
adj., walking about, movable.
iti
pa4-ú-e:	 calendar monh 11 at Umma during Ur III.
pa4-úgur[SIG7]:	 ditch ('irrigation ditch' + 'field, garden' ?).
pa5-sig:	 small branch canal ('irrigation ditch, canal' + 'small').
pah-zil:	 an intestinal disease (?) ('legs; leprosy' + 'to divide; to peel').
pe-el(-lá):	 (cf., pil(2)).
pe-en-zé-er:	 a functionary; hearh tender (?); leaher worker (??) ('bellows' + 'to cut'; cf., metaphor in
dùg...zil).
peš-mur7:	 a palm tree product ('palm frond' + 'ridge').
peš-peš:	 very wide, spacious; physically handicapped (reduplicated 'womb; to expand; to be wide').
péš-(ñiš)gi:	 canebrake mouse or mole rat ('mouse' + 'reeds').
ñišpèš-duru5:	 fresh figs ('figs' + 'fresh').
ñišpèš-hád:	 dried figs ('figs' + 'dried').
ñišPI-apin:	 a part of he seeder plow (barig, '36 liters in Old Sumerian period', + 'plow').
pi-il:	 (cf., pil(2)).
pi-lá:	 (cf., pil(2)).
pi-lu5-da:	 (cf., billuda).
PIRIÑ.TUR:	 (cf., nemurx).
pisan-dub:	 container for clay tablets (cf., ñadub; lúša13-dub-ba) ('vessel' + 'clay tablet').
piš10...tag:	 to go aground (said of a boat) ('shore, river bank' + 'to touch, strike').
pu-úh-ru-um:	 assembly (Akk. puhru 'assembly', cf., unkin).
púñiškiri6:	 irrigated orchard ('well, cistern' + 'orchard').
pú-lá:	 deep well ('well, cistern' + 'to be high; to hang, stretch, reach').133
pú-níñ-ñìr(-/ak/):	 pitfall ('well, cistern' + 'hing' + 'pah' + genitive).
ra-ah:	 to strike repetitively [wih a hoe]; to shake ('to strike' + h, 'many, numerous').
ra
(2)-gaba:	 rider; courier (Akkadian rakbu).
ra-ra:	 to flatten; to make wide (reduplicated 'to stamp').
ri-ba:	 enormous, supreme (Akkadian rabbu).
ñišri-gi4-bil-lú:	 a tool.
ri-ha-mun:	 (cf., im-ri-ha-mun).
RI-hU:	 bird breeder (?) ('to tend' + 'birds').
rib-ba:	 enormous, supreme (Akkadian rabbu).
ru-gú:	 to wihstand; to oppose; to move in a direction opposite to; to face (cf., lú-ru-gú-da).
ñišsa-bí-tum:	 a musical instrument (Akk. sabiitu 'gazelle').
sa-šè...DU:	 to roast ('to roast (barley)' + 'for he sake of' + 'to go').
ñišsa-du
8(-a):	 a tool ('net, bundle; roasting' + 'residue' + nominative).
sa-dúr(-ra); ŠEŠ-dúr-rá/a:	 low-lying end of a farmer's field ('?' + 'buttocks').
sa-gaz; sañ-gaz:	 highway robber ('head' + 'to smash').
sa-gaz...aka:	 to rob (someone:	 dative infix); to commit murder ('robber' + 'to do').
sa...gi4:	 to prepare ('mat' + 'to restore' ?).
sa-hab:	 (metahesis of zipah).
sa-hir:	 net; bundle (e.g., of straw) ('net' + 'produce, yield').
sa-KU:	 arms (rare meaning; cf., sa-dúr) ('sinew, tendon' + 'to build ?').
sa...lal/lá:	 to stretch he net; to sweep; to tie wih cords ('net' + 'to stretch').
sa-li:	 a type of lyre ('string' + 'true measure').
sa-ma(-a)-ná:	 skin disease; grain diseases such as leaf rust (Akk. samaanu 'skin disease').
sa-par4; si-par4:	 a type of net ('net'/'to fill' + 'to stretch out').
sa-sa:	 roasting, burning; reddish (reduplicated 'to roast (barley)').
sa-šú-uš-gal:	 huge net ('cord, net' + šúš/šú, 'to cover' + 'big').
sa-tu:	 mountain; upper parts (Akk. šadû(m) I, 'mountain(s)').
sa-ZI-ZI-a; sa-ZI-ZI-ŠÈ:	 a trawling (?) net ('net' + 'to take out, extract' + locative or
terminative suffix).
sá[DI]...DI:	 to evaluate ('value' + 'to judge').
sá-dug4/du11:	 a capacity measure, = 24 sìla in Presargonic Girsu and 40 sìla starting wih Akkad
period; regular "tihe" or "offering" important to he temple economy ('to equal in value' + 'to effect').134
sá...dug4/du11/e:	 to reach, arrive, overwhelm (often wih -ni-); to provide regular offerings
(reduplication class) ('to equal in value' + 'to effect').
sá-ñar:	 adviser, counselor ('guidance' + 'to halt; to turn round').
sá-niñin(2):	 part of a harness (?) ('guidance' + 'to halt; to turn round').
sá-pa:	 part of a harness (?) ('guidance' + 'branch; wing').
sá...sè(-g/k):	 to plot; to plan ('advice' + 'to apply; to compare').
sa12-du5:	 read sa12-sug5 ?, from he Akkadian form šassukkum).
sa12-sug5; sa12-su5[SAÑ-KU]; sá-sug5:	 land register manager; registrar of deeds;
librarian ('head' + 'to lay he warp of he land' ?, also read sa12-du5).
sa12-ti-umki:	 he eastern mountains.
sag9-hul:	 boh good and bad ('good' + 'bad').
sañ-a-ki-ta:	 lower end of a field ('head' + 'water' + 'to be lower' + nominative).
sañ...aka:	 to care ('head' + 'to do').
sañ-kešda/kéš...aka:	 to pay attention (wih -ši-); to admonish ('head' + 'to fasten' + 'to do',
cf., ñizzal...aka).
sañ šu...aka:	 to enslave ('slave' + 'to take captive').
sañ-an-na:	 upper end of a field ('head' + 'to be high' + nominative).
sañ-apin(-na):	 plow guide ('head' + 'plow' + genitive).
sañ...bala:	 to shake he head ('head' + 'to turn').
sañ...bul:	 to toss or shake he head ('head' + 'to blow', cf., sañ...bala).
sañ-du:	 head ('head' + 'to walk').
sañ-du nu-tuku:	 idiot, a term of derision ('head' + 'not' + 'to have').
sañ-dù:	 triangle ('head' + 'shape').
sañ-dub:	 regular worker ('head' + 'tablet-recorded').
sañ...dúb:	 to smash he head (often wih -da-) ('head' + 'to knock down').
SAÑ-DÙN:	 (cf., sa12-du5, šassuk).
sañ-èn-tar:	 overseer; guardian ('head' + 'to investigate; to take care of, handle').
sañ-èn...tar:	 to notice ('head' + 'to investigate').
sañ-gaz...aka:	 to slay ('head' + 'smash' + 'to do'; cf., sa-gaz).
sañ...gi4:	 to topple; to close ('head' + 'to send back').
sañ...gíd:	 (cf., sañ-ki...gíd).
sañ-gú-ne(-/ak/):	 cupbearer (loan from Akk. šaaqû).
sañ...ñar/ñá-ñá:	 to proceed; to oppose (someone/somehing:	 -da-) ('he head' + 'to set').135
sañ-sig...ñar:	 to bend or lower one's head (before someone/somehing:	 -ši-) ('head' + 'small,
weak' + 'to place').
sañ-ñi6(-ga):	 black-headed people; Sumerians ('head' + 'black' + nominative; cf., dumu-gir15/gi7
and ki-en-gir15/gi7(-r); ki-en-gi(-r)).
sañ-ñiš...ra:	 to kill, murder ('head' + 'wood tool' + 'to strike').
sañ...ha-za:	 to attach securely ('head' + 'to hold, grasp, retain').
sañ (an-šè)...íl:	 to lift he head (towards heaven); to raise up ('head' ( + 'unto heaven') + 'to lift
up').
sañ-kal-(l):	 foremost; leader ('head' + 'excellent').
sañ...kal:	 to choose, prefer; to make foremost, prominent ('head' + 'to value').
sañ...kéš:	 to attend to; to watch, guard ('head' + 'to bind').
kušsañ-kéš:	 a hong connecting he yoke to he plow ('head' + 'to bind').
sañ-ki:	 forehead ('head, point' + 'place').
sañ-ki...gíd:	 to get angry (wih someone:	 -da-) ('forehead' + 'to lenghen').
sañ-ki-gud:	 trapezoid ('head, point' + 'location' + 'bulky like an ox').
SAÑ-KU:	 (cf., sa12-su5).
ñišsañ-kul:	 lock ('head' + 'hick').
sañ-kur-ra:	 a foreign slave ('slave' + 'foreign land' + genitive).
ku6sañ-kúr[PAB]:	 a fish ('head' + 'strange').
sañ-ñišmá:	 bow of a boat ('head' + 'boat').
sañ-men:	 head-crown (cf., men-sañ).
sañ-mí:	 female slave ('head; slave' + 'female').
sañ-nitah:	 male slave; (grown) man ('head; slave' + 'male').
sañ-níñ-gur11[GA]-ra(-ak):	 capital on hand ('in front, at first' + 'what' + 'piled up' [ +
genitive]; sañ and 'capital' refer to he 'head' of an accounting column in different languages).
sañ-rib:	 (cf., sañ-kal-(l)).
sañ-rig7:	 gift; dowry.
sañ/sa12...rig7:	 to donate, bestow, grant, give as a present (wih -ni- and -ri-) ('present, gift' + 'to
deed, grant', where hese meanings derive by back-formation from his compound which derives from
Akkadian šaraakum).
sañ...sá:	 to vie wih (wih -da-) ('head' + 'to compare').
sañ...sal-la:	 to be silly (?) ('head' + 'to belittle').
sañ...sar:	 to shave he head ('head' + 'to crop ?').
sañ...sè/sì-(g):	 to entrust; to take care of; to pay attention ('head' + 'to apply; to surround').
sañ-sig-ga:	 head-covering ('head' + 'small' + nominative).136
sañ...sìg:	 to tremble; to move he head from side to side (wih -da-) ('head' + 'to shake').
SAÑ-SUG
5:	 (cf., sa12-sug5, šassuk).
sañ...sum:	 to hurry towards ('head' + 'to give').
sañ-sum-sikil:	 bulb of garlic ('head' + 'garlic').
sañ-šu4:	 cap ('head' + 'to cover').
sañ...túm:	 to defame ('first position' + 'to carry away').
sañ ú-a...šub:	 to hide ('head' + 'in he grass' + 'to drop').
sañ-ur-sañ:	 eunuch; royal attendant ('head or slave' + 'warrior').
sañ-ús:	 constant; to be available; to care for somehing's maintenance ('point' + 'to be moored to').
sáñ...dug4/du11/e:	 to scatter (wih -da- or -ta-) ('scattered' + 'to effect').
sahar...dub:	 to raise a cloud of dust ('dust' + 'to shake, agitate').
sahar(-da)...gi4:	 to turn into dust; euphemism for 'to die' ('dust' + 'to turn, return').
sahar-ñar-ra:	 volume ('earh' + 'to accumulate' + nominative) (cf., ki-lá).
sahar si-ga:	 to pile up earh; earh piling ('earh, silt' + 'to fill, increase' + nominative).
sahar...su(3):	 to cover wih dust or silt (redup. class) ('dust, silt' + 'to sprinkle, immerse').
sahar šu-bal-a:	 to transport earh ('earh, silt' + 'hand' + 'to transfer, deliver' + nominative).
sahar šu-ti-a:	 to collect earh ('earh' + 'to receive' + nominative).
sahar zi-ga:	 to remove earh or silt; earh moving ('earh, silt' + 'to tear out, deduct' + nominative).
sar-KA×SAR-KA×SAR:	 a vegetable.
SI.A:	 (cf., dirig or (gi)ušub).
si-BÀD-na:	 top of he sky ('straight up' + 'to ascend' + nominative).
si-ga:	 n., silence (cf., sig5).
si-ga/ge:	 v., to pile or fill up (e.g., earh for a levee or temple foundation).
si-ga:	 adj., quiet; weak (cf., sig5 and sig).
si-ga kala-ga:	 weak and strong points.
si-gal:	 croissant ('horn-shaped' + 'large').
ñišsi-ñar:	 bolt ('horn; straight' + 'form, appearance').
si-ì-tum:	 balance owing carried forward from an earlier account (from Akkadian šiaatum, 'to leave
behind', šittu, 'remainder, deficit') (cf., lá-ìa[NI]).
si-ig; si(-g):	 v., to place into he ground; to calm or put out a fire; to strike down, level; to
silence.
adj., silent; weak (cf., sig5 and sig).
si-il:	 to split; to tear apart; to go away, absent oneself (cf., sila).137
(urudu)si-im:	 kettledrum(s) ? ('to fill' + 'wind').
si-im-si-im...aka:	 to sniff (reduplicated 'to fill' + 'wind' + 'to do'; cf., šim-im, 'an aromatic
substance').
si-li-ig:	 (cf., šilig, silig).
si-mú:	 to have horns; horned [can indicate a 'male' animal if only he male sex grows horns] ('horns' + 'to
sprout, appear').
si-mùš:	 shining horns; light rays ('horns; rays' + 'to glisten, shine').
si-par4:	 (cf., sa-par4).
si-sá:	 right; legal ('straightness' + 'to equal').
si...sá:	 to do somehing in he right way; to make straight; to put in order; to tune (an instrument); to
prepare, get ready; to yoke (often wih -ni- or bi-) (redupl. class) ('straightness' + 'to equal').
si...si-sá:	 to assemble in order, to march in line.
si-si-ig:	 whirlwind (reduplicated sìg, 'to demolish, flatten').
si-šuš-nu:	 a sea creature ('antennae' + 'to go down' + 'do not').
si4-lum:	 a garden plant ('reddish' + 'to grow luxuriantly').
sig-sig:	 narrow (reduplicated 'small').
sig...ñar:	 to prostrate onself ('low' + 'to set').
síg-ba:	 wool allotment, ration ('hair; wool' + 'share, rations').
síg-bar:	 loosely hanging hair ('hair' + 'to uncover, expose').
síg-babbar:	 white wool ('hair; wool' + 'white').
síg ga-zum-aka(-a):	 carded wool.
síg...peš5:	 to card wool ('hair, wool' + 'to comb and clean').
síg-sur(-ra):	 spun wool ('hair; wool' + 'to spray out, expel' + nominative).
síg-ud5:	 goat's hair ('hair' + 'she-goat').
sìg...dug4/du11/e:	 to be destroyed ('stroke, blow' + 'to apply').
sìg-sìg:	 whirlwind (reduplicated sìg, 'to demolish, flatten').
sig4-áb:	 half-brick ('brick' + 'cow' = 'cow pat').
sig4-al-ur5-ra:	 kiln-burnt brick(s) (cf., ízi-ur5, 'coal').
sig4-anše...gub:	 to stack a brick pile ('brick' + 'donkey' + 'to set').
sig4-ba:	 turtle shell (?) ('brick; wall' + 'turtle').
sig4-báhar(-ra):	 baked brick (?) or potter's brick(?) ('brick' + 'potter' + genitive).
itisig4-ga:	 calendar monh 3 at Nippur during Ur III.
itisig4-ñišì-šub-ba-ñar:	 calendar monh 2 at Umma during Ur III.138
sig4; sig14; še25; še26...gi4:	 to resound; to shout; to howl (reduplication class) ('walls' + 'to
answer').
sig4-gi4-a:	 roaring ('to resound' + nominative).
sig7-sig7:	 to be beautiful (reduplicated 'to be beautiful, pleasing').
sig14[KA×LI]..gi4:	 (cf., sig4...gi4).
sila-kúr...dab
5/díb:	 to take a different way ('street' + 'different' + 'to take'/'to traverse').
sìla-bàn-da:	 small sìla-vessel ('liter' + 'junior').
sila4-ga-sub-ba:	 milk suckling lamb ('lamb' + 'milk' + 'to suck' + nominative).
sila4-gub:	 offspring (children or of flocks); mature young of animals ('lambs' + 'to stand').
sila4-nim:	 early spring lamb ('lamb' + 'early').
sila4-nitah:	 lamb buck ('lamb' + 'male').
silim...dug4/du11/di/e:	 to greet, say "Hello" ('healh' + 'to speak').
silim-šè gù...dé:	 to greet, say "Hello" ('healh' + 'regarding' + 'to call, say').
silim...sum:	 to greet, say "Hello" ('greeting' + 'to give').
sipad-ama-[ŠA.]GAN:	 shepherd of moher animals ('shepherd' + 'moher' + 'to bring forh').
sipad-amar-ru-ga:	 shepherd of brought back (?) ('shepherd' + 'young ones' + rúg, 'to restore' +
genitive).
sipad-udu-siki-ka:	 shepherd of wool sheep ('shepherd' + 'sheep' + 'wool' + double genitive).
siskur...e:	 to say a prayer [often introduces direct, quoted speech in he texts] ('prayer' + 'to speak').
su-a:	 cat (cf., sug8).
su-búru:	 quicksand, quagmire ('to immerse' + 'to dissolve, loosen').
su-din(-dal)mušen:	 bat ('body' + 'to cure'; Akk. s/šu(t)tinnu).
su-din:	 butterfly; part of a wagon or plough (cf., ñiššudun).
su-gu7/kú:	 skin disease ('flesh, skin' + 'to eat, consume').
su
(3)-hé[GAN]:	 a type of copper; slag; borax (?) powder ('to stretch' + 'to support').
su-lá-a:	 salted or cured meat ('flesh' + 'to hang' + nominative).
su-lim:	 awesome radiance, splendor (Akk. šalummatu, šalummu ).
su
(11)-lum...mar:	 to disgrace, treat wih contempt, mock ('body' + 'manure' + 'to coat, apply'; cf.,
sulummar).
su-ub:	 (cf., sub).
su-zìg/zi...ri:	 to scare ('gooseflesh' + 'to put into').
su...zìg/zi:	 to have/give gooseflesh; to be afraid of (wih -da-) ('flesh' + zìg, zi, 'to stand up,
rise').
su-zi:	 terror.139
su
(3)-ud:	 (cf., sud).
sù-ga:	 deceitful(ly) (cf., sug4).
sù(-ud)-áña:	 diamond ?; electrum ?; brass ? ('to be lasting; to rejoice' + 'to measure, check').
sù-rá:	 far-reaching ('far away' + 'to go'/indicator of ð phoneme in sud).
su
6-nam-ti-la:	 beard of life ('beard' + 'life' + genitive).
su
6-za-gìn(-na):	 lapis lazuli (-colored) beard; clean beard ('beard' + 'lapis lazuli; clean' + genitive;
might be some wordplay wih Akk. ziqnu, 'beard').
gi
su
7-su7:	 a basket (reduplicated 'hreshing floor').
su11...li9-li9:	 (cf., zú...li9-li9).
su11-lum:	 (cf., zú-lum(-ma)).
SUD-la:	 a quality of he ground ('to sprinkle, immerse' + 'freshness').
sug-zag-gi4...gu7:	 to destroy ('swamp' + 'territory' + 'to surround' + 'to finish off').
suh-kešda:	 ornament ('carefully chosen' + 'to fasten').
sukkal-mah:	 vizier, prime minister, 'minister of he interior' ('minister' + 'grand').
sum-GUD:	 a type of onion ('onion' + 'robust like a bull').
sum-sag9:	 a type of onion ('onion' + 'good, pleasing').
sum-sikil:	 garlic ('onion' + 'pure, concentrated').
sum-tab-ba:	 binding double sheaf ('to give' + 'double' + nominative).
sum-za-ha-ti/din:	 (cf., za-ha-ti/din).
sún-si-mú:	 horned (or male) aurochs cow ('aurochs cow' + 'horned').
ša-ga-ru:	 a kind of copper.
ša-ra:	 syllabic spelling for šár-ra, 'numerous'.
ša-ra(-g):	 to dry up, wiher ('to dry up' + 'inundation').
ša-ra-ab-du:	 (cf., šár-ra-ab-du).
ŠÀ.ÁB:	 creation ('womb' + 'cow').
šà-a-bar-ra:	 bastard ('womb' + locative or 'seed' + 'to be foreign' + nominative).
šà...bala:	 to breed ('womb' + 'to revolve, deliver').
šà-bal-bal:	 descendant, offspring ('womb' + reduplicated 'to revolve, deliver').
ku6šà-bar:	 cleaned fish ('intestines' + 'to cut open, remove').
šà-bi-ta:	 herefrom; deducted from he state-bestowed capital debt (usually precedes account of
credit transactions followed by zi-ga[-àm]) ('contents' + 'its' + 'from').
šà-da:	 voluntarily ('heart' + 'wih').
šà...dab
5:	 to be angry ('heart, stomach' + 'to grasp, clench').140
šà...dar:	 to be afraid ('stomach' + 'to slice', cf., ní...dar).
šà-diñir-re-e-ne:	 he (secret) will of he gods ('interior; will' + 'gods').
šà...diri:	 to overeat ('stomach' + 'to exceed').
šà-dub-didli:	 recorded on an individual tablet ('contents' + 'tablet' + 'separate, individual').
šà-dùg:	 a term for young animals ('heart' + 'sweet').
šà-ga-dù:	 belt ('stomach' + nominative + 'to mould, shape').
šà-gada-lal:	 linen-clad ('midst' + 'linen' + 'to drape'; cf., šà-lá-lá).
šà-gal:	 food, fodder, sustenance ('stomach' + 'enlarge').
šà-gi-na:	 true heart; one's nature ('heart' + 'to be firm, true' + nominative).
šà-gi8[IGI]-guru6/7:	 a voluntary offering ('heart' + 'eyes' + 'to shine, be bright; grain heap').
šà-gig-ga:	 an aching heart ('heart' + 'to be sick, painful' + nominative).
šà-šè...gíd:	 to bear in mind ('heart' + 'concerning' + 'to measure').
šà(-ge)...guru7:	 all hat one wants ('heart, stomach' ( + 'to he') + 'a large silo').
šà-ñál:	 what is in one's heart, i.e., he heart's desire ('heart' + 'to dwell').
šà-ñar:	 hunger ('stomach' + 'to deposit', cf., šañar).
šà-ñar...tuku:	 to be hungry ('hunger' + 'to have').
šà...huñ:	 to pacify; to calm down he heart ('heart' + 'to rest').
šà-hul...dím:	 to grieve ('heart' + 'evil' + 'to make').
šà-hul-gig:	 hatred ('heart' + 'evil' + 'to be sick, painful').
šà-húl-la:	 delight ('heart' + 'to rejoice' + nominative).
šà-húl-la...dirig:	 to be overflowing wih joy ('delight' + 'to exceed').
šà-íb-ba(-/ak/):	 anger ('midst' + 'loins' + genitive).
šà-ka-tab:	 hunger ('stomach' + 'mouh' + 'to tremble; to make haste').
šà-ki-áña:	 a loving heart ('heart' + 'to love' + nominative).
šà(-ge)...kúr/kár:	 to change one's mind ('heart, will, mood' + ergative agent marker + 'to
change').
šà...kúš(-ù):	 to rest he heart; to make love to; to take counsel wih (wih -da-) ('heart' + 'to be
tired; to care, worry').
šà...lá:	 to (en)gorge, stuff ('stomach' + 'to extend, load').
šà-lá-lá:	 clohed (cf., šà-gada-lal).
šà-lá-sù(-d):	 merciful; shepherdess ('heart' + 'to extend' + 'far').
šà-ne-ša4:	 supplications ('heart' + 'his' + 'to grieve').
šà(-ge)...pàd:	 to choose ('heart, stomach' ( + 'in he') + 'to find, declare').141
šà-sig-ga:	 a depressed heart ('heart' + 'low, small, weak' + nominative).
šà...sìg:	 to be oppressed ('heart' + 'to strike, crush').
šà-su-ga:	 dry river bed ('river bed' + sug4, 'to lay bare, empty' + nominative).
šà-sù-ga:	 hungry; starved; wihout recompense ('stomach' + 'empty' + nominative).
(gi)šà-sur:	 (reed-mat) sieve ('gut-like container' + 'to press out a liquid').
šà...sur:	 to have diarrhea; to spawn eggs (said of a fish) ('intestines' + 'to expel a liquid').
šà...šed
7:	 to cool/soohe he heart ('heart' + 'to calm, cool down').
šà-tam:	 credible, trustworhy; administrative director, commissioner ('heart' + 'to be polished').
šà-túm:	 field, acre ('womb' + 'to be suitable; to prepare; to obtain').
šà-tur:	 womb ('insides' + 'child').
šà-uru(-/ak/):	 town center ('interior, midst' + 'town' + genitive).
šà-zi-ga:	 excitement ('heart' + 'to rise up' + nominative).
šà-zu:	 midwife ('womb' + 'to know').
lúša
13[ÑÁ]-dub-ba:	 archivist (cf., ñadub; pisan-dub).
šagan-lá:	 peddler, trader ('a large jar for oil' + 'to carry').
šáh(2)-bar-gùn(-gùn)-nu:	 porcupine ('pig' + 'outside; fleece' + reduplicated 'dot, speckle').
šáh(2)-ñiš-gi(4):	 "bush pig" ('pig' + 'trees' + 'reeds').
šáh(2)-ñiš-gi(4)(-ì)-gu7-e:	 porcupine ('bush pig' + 'it eats').
šáh(2)-niga:	 fattened pig ('pig' + 'fattened').
šah(2)-ú:	 pasture grazing pig ('pig' + 'plants, grass').
šáh(2)-zé-da-bar-sur-ra:	 porcupine ('pig' + 'to cut' + 'to protect' + 'outside; fleece' + 'to
spray out').
šakan-kéš:	 basket weaver (?) ('large jar for oil', + 'to bind, wrap').
šár-ra-ab-du:	 a temple official (from Akkadian šarru, 'king', + abdu, 'slave').
šàr-ra-ús-sa:	 body guard (from Akkadian šarru, 'king', + 'to follow' + nominative; cf., áña-ús,
'policeman').
še-ba:	 barley rations distributed by he administration of he temple, palace, etc. ('barley' + 'portion,
rations').
še-ba:	 to be careless, negligent (cf., šub; šab, 'to fall, disappear').
še-bal:	 barley lost in processing; grain tax ('barley' + 'to demolish').
itiše-bar-ra-ñál-la:	 calendar monh 3 at Umma during Ur III.
še-bi:	 value-equivalence in barley (used as a standard) ('barley' + 'its').
še-búr-ra:	 grain released for transport, storage, and furher distribution ('barley' + 'to open, release').142
še...dé:	 to clean barley after winnowing ('barley, grain' + 'to pour').
ñišše-dùg:	 'sweet corn tree' = licorice tree (?) ('corn' + 'sweet').
še...è:	 (cf., še ñiš-è-a).
še-er; še-er-še-er; še-er-zi:	 shine, light, glimmer (syllabic spelling of šér, 'to
shine brightly').
še-er-gu/kum:	 a long string of dried fruit (probable syllabic spelling of Semitic root, 'to lace,
interweave').
še-er...ñál:	 to have auhority (Emesal dialect for nir...ñál).
še-er-ka-an...dug4/du11/e:	 to cover wih; to adorn (wih -ni-) (šár, 'to be many' + gùn, 'to
decorate wih colors' + 'to effect').
še-er-tab-ba:	 haystack, cornstack; a type of reed fence (šár, 'to be many' or zár, 'sheaf' + 'to bind,
join' + nominative).
še-ga/ge:	 favorite; to be obedient; to obey; to agree (wih -ši-) (cf., sè(g), sig10).
še-GAZ:	 crushed barley ('barley' + 'to crush').
še-gibil:	 new grain ('grains' + 'new, fresh').
še-gu-nu:	 fine grains, good crops, late barley ('grains, barley' + gunu, 'load' ?).
še-gub-ba:	 barley deposit ('barley' + 'to stand, set' + nominative).
še-GUD:	 einkorn wheat ('grain' + 'robust like a bull').
še gud(-rá) gu7:	 grain spent as oxen feed ('barley' + 'bull, ox' ( + dative) + 'to feed').
še-gur10-ku5:	 (cf., še-sañ11-ku5).
itiše-gur10-ku5:	 (cf., itiše-sañ11-ku5).
še-ñar:	 barley delivery ('barley' + 'to deliver, deposit').
še...ñar:	 to sow barley; to buy wih barley ('barley' + 'to deliver, deposit').
še ñiš-è-a:	 harvested grain hat has just been hreshed and only roughly measured wih a stick
('grain + 'stick' + 'to exit from' + nominative).
še-ñiš-ì, še-ì-ñiš:	 sesame seeds; sesame oil ('grain' + 'tree' + 'oil').
še ñiš...ra(-an/ah):	 to hresh grain by beating wih a flail ('grain + 'stick' + 'to strike').
itiše-íl-la:	 calendar monh 12 at Lagaš during Ur III.
še...lá:	 to carry grain; to winnow grain ('grain' + 'to lift').
še-li:	 pine or juniper seeds ('grain corn' + 'juniper').
še-LÚsar:	 coriander ('grain corn' + 'man or many') [ŠELU archaic frequency:	 28].
še-lum-lum:	 barley sprouts ('grain corn' + 'juniper').
še-muš
(5):	 bitter grain ('grain' + 'bitter').
še-namušen:	 (cf., sim, sínmušen).143
še-numun:	 seed ('grain' + 'seed').
še-ri-ga:	 gleaned grain ('grain' + 'to bring').
še-sa:	 roasted barley ('barley' + 'to roast').
še-sañ(11)-ku5:	 harvest ('grain' + 'to harvest ?' + 'to cut').
itiše-sañ11-ku5:	 calendar monh 12 at Nippur during Ur III; calendar monh 11 at Lagaš during Ur III;
calendar monh 1 at Ur during Ur III; calendar monh 1 at Umma during Ur III; calendar monh 12 at
Drehem before Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 1 at Drehem after Šu-Sin 3.
še...su-ub:	 to harvest barley ('barley' + 'to suck').
še...ša4:	 to moan ('grain; tiny' + 'to mourn').
še...šub:	 to hresh grain by beating ('barley' + 'to hrow').
še...ús:	 'treading' by animals as a way of hreshing grain ('barley' + 'to drive; to follow').
še...zil-zil(-la):	 to dehusk barley ('barley' + reduplicated 'to peel').
ŠÈ-ba-an:	 a measure for fish ('portion' + 'a measure'; cf., ba-an).
še
10...dúr:	 to fart ('excrement' + 'to break wind').
še
25/še26...gi4:	 (cf., sig4...gi4).
šen-šen:	 combat, strife (reduplicated 'mirror' or 'shield' ?).
šer
7-da:	 capital offense; crime; blame; punishment.
šeš-bàn-da:	 younger broher ('broher' + 'young, junior').
itišeš-da-gu7:	 calendar monh 2 at Drehem hrough Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 3 at Drehem after Šu-Sin
3; calendar monh 3 at Ur during Ur III.
ŠEŠ-dúr-rá/a:	 (cf., sa-dúr(-ra)).
šeš-gal:	 older broher ('broher' + 'large').
šika-ri:	 shattered potsherds ('potsherd' + 'to break open; to hrow away').
šim-gam-gam(-ma):	 an aromatic substance - turpentine (?) ('aromatic resin' + reduplicated 'to bend;
to shrivel').
šim-gig:	 frankincense - used in making medicinal plasters ('aromatic resin' + 'to be sick').
šim-im:	 an aromatic substance ('aromatic substance' + 'wind'; cf., si-im-si-im...ak, 'to sniff').
lúšim-nañ:	 spice drinkers (?) ('spice' + 'to drink').
šim-PI-PI:	 an aromatic substance.
šim-su-SÁ:	 cologne, perfume (?) ('aromatic substance' + 'body' + 'to equal, compete wih').
ŠIM×KÚŠU:	 ambergris ('aromatic substance' + 'turtle; whale ?').
šìr-kug:	 sacred song; incantation ('song' + 'sacred, holy').
šìr...áña:	 to sing; to cry (out) ('song' + 'to mete out').144
šìr-ra-nam-en-na; šìr-re-nam-nir-ra:	 song of lordship ('song' + 'lordship' +
genitive).
ñiš/urudušìr-šìr:	 chain (probable Akkadian loan word).
šu-a-gi-na:	 regular, daily offering ('hand; portion' + locative + 'steady' + nominative).
šu...aka:	 to take captive ('hand' + 'to do').
šu-bal...aka:	 to alter; to tamper; to set aside ('hand' + 'to change' + 'to do').
šu-gibil-gibil...aka:	 to renew ('hand' + 'to renovate' + 'to renovate' + 'to do').
šu/šú-luh...aka:	 to clean (a canal) ('hand' + 'to clean' + 'to do').
šu...ba:	 (cf., šu...bad, šu...bar).
šu...bad:	 to release ('hand' + 'to open').
šu...bal:	 to alter; to tamper; to set aside ('hand' + 'to change').
šu...bar:	 to release, let loose ('hand' + 'to open, release').
šu...búru:	 to open he hand ('hand' + 'to open').
šu-da:	 hand and forearm, as a unit of measurement, ell/cubit (cf., kùš) ('hand' + 'arm').
šu-dab
(5)(-ba):	 sale ('hand' + 'to clasp, take away' + nominative).
šu...dab
(2,4,5):	 to take or accept ('hand' + 'to hold, take, receive').
šu-kíñ...dab(5):	 to perform a service; to kneel down ('hand' + 'order, task' + 'to hold/seize').
šu...dag:	 to roam about; to run away ('hand' + 'to roam').
šu...dar:	 to slaughter (redupl. class) ('hand' + 'to slice, split, shatter').
šu...de
6:	 to set to work ('hand' + 'to bring').
šu-dim4-ma:	 loyal ('hand' + 'subservient' + nominative).
šu-dù-a:	 lengh measure of 10 fingers = 16.666 cm. ('hands' + 'to stack').
šu...dù:	 to bind he hands; to apply one's hands to ('hands' + 'to fasten').
šu-hul...dù:	 to destroy ('hands' + 'evil' + 'to fasten').
šu...du
7:	 to embellish; to put on he finishing touches; to complete; to make perfect (wih -ta-)
(reduplication class) ('hand' + 'to complete').
šu...du
8:	 to hold in he hand (wih -ni- or bi-) ('hand' + 'to open').
šu-du
8-a:	 guarantee ('to hold' + nominative).
šu-du
8-a...DU(de6/túm):	 to act as guarantor for ('guarantee' + 'to bring, carry').
šu...dug4/du11/e:	 to touch; to place, put ('hand' + 'to effect').
šu(-dañal)...dug4/du11/e:	 to supply, to provide (generously) wih (wih -ni-) ('hand' ( +
'wide, copious') + 'to effect').
šu líl-lá...dug4/du11/e:	 to be haunted ('hand' + 'spirit of a place' + 'to effect').145
šu pe-el lá...dug4/du11/e:	 to defile; to be defiled ('hand' + pil, 'to be/make dirty, defiled' +
'to penetrate, pierce' + 'to effect').
šu sá...dug4/du11/e:	 to attain ('hand' + 'to reach, arrive').
šu sùh-a...dug4/du11/e:	 to confuse, disconcert; to be confused ('hand' + 'in confusion' + 'to
effect').
šu-tag...dug4/du11/e:	 to adorn; to decorate (wih -ni-); to sprinkle; to paint ('hand' + 'to
weave, decorate, strike' + 'to effect').
šu ùh-a...dug4/du11/e:	 (cf., šu sùh-a...dug4/du11/e).
šu-dul
5:	 (cf., šudun).
itišu-eš-ša:	 calendar monh 8 at Drehem before Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 9 at Ur during Ur III.
šu-gána:	 agricultural tool ('hand' + 'field').
šu-gi(4):	 old ('hand' + 'to return' ?, 'to lock up' ?, 'reed-like' ?).
šu(-a)...gi4:	 to bring back; to lead back; to repay; to repeat; to answer ('hand' ( + locative) + 'to
return').
šu-gíd:	 dues; general obligation ('hand' + 'to reach out; to measure out').
šu...gíd:	 to accept; to observe/inspect he offering animal (cf., šu-maš-gíd-gíd; 'hand' + 'to reach
out').
šu...gu4-gu4-ud:	 to jumpily move around ('hand' + 'to leap, dance').
šu...gur:	 to roll; to wrap; to wipe ('hand' + 'circular motion').
šu...ñál:	 to hold by he hand ('hand' + 'to place in').
šu-ñar:	 effect ('hand' + 'to deliver').
šu...ñar:	 to perform a task; to carry out; to be favorable; to cease doing somehing (wih -ta-)
('hand' + 'to deliver').
šu(-a/šè)...ñar:	 to be/place in he hand; to subdue ('hand' + locative/terminative + 'to deliver').
šu-šu...ñar:	 to grant a pardon ('hand' + 'hand' + 'to deliver').
šu-ha:	 robber (cf., šu-ku6(-d)).
šu...ha-za:	 to hold in he hand ('hand' + 'to hold, grasp').
šu-hal-la:	 open hand ('hand' + 'to divide, distribute' + nominative).
šu...hu-uz:	 to roast; to burn ('hand' + 'to rage at') (cf., šu...ru-uz).
(lú)šu-i:	 barber ('hand' + 'to sprout' ?).
šu-íl-la
(2):	 prayer (hand-raising) ('hand' + 'to raise' + nominative).
šu...íl:	 to build; to grow rich ('hand' + 'to raise').
šu...kar
(2):	 to take away; to wihdraw ('hand' + 'to take away').
ñiššu-kár:	 tools, parts, components ('hand' + 'to encircle, besiege').
šu ki-in-dar:	 full of cracks ('handful' + 'crevices').146
ñiššu-KIN:	 sickle ('hand' + 'work, task'; cf., saña11/siñ18, 'to cut, break, harvest').
gišu-KIN:	 faggot of reeds ('hand' + 'work, task'; cf., saña11/siñ18, 'to cut, break, harvest').
šu-ku
6(-d):	 fisherman ('hand' + 'fish' + ?; should read ešsadx ?).
šu(-a)-lá:	 paralyzed, folded, idle (said of hands) ('hands' + locative + 'to bind, diminish').
šu-lá-a:	 entrusted ('hands' + 'to hold' + nominative).
šu...lal/lá-lá:	 to defile; to reach; to bind (he hands); to wring he hands ('hand' + 'to pierce,
penetrate; to stretch; to bind; to hold').
šu-šè...lal/lá:	 to hold in he hand, suspend from he hands ('hand' + 'to bind, hold, hang').
šu
(4)-luh:	 ritual cleansing, purification ritual, lustration ('hand' + 'to clean').
lúšu-luh-ha:	 purification ritual man, lustration priest ('ritual cleansing' + nominative).
šu-maš-gíd-gíd:	 diviner; omen (cf., šu...gíd; 'hand' + 'goat kid' + reduplicated 'to reach out').
ŠU-ME-EREN:	 cypress resin (cf., (ñiš)šu-úr-me).
šu...mú:	 to enlarge; to expand (wih -ni-); to pray (wih dative) ('hand' + 'to grow').
na4šu-na:	 pestle ('hand' + 'stone').
ŠU+NIÑIN:	 grand total ('hand' + 'circle, whole') [? ŠUNIGIN archaic frequency:	 1].
ŠU+NÍÑIN:	 subtotal ('hand' + 'circle, whole').
šu...niñin:	 to proceed; to hurry ('hand' + 'to make he rounds').
šu-nim-ma:	 early to work ('hand' + 'early' + nominative).
(ñiš)šu-nir:	 standard; emblem wih woolen streamers; totemic device ('hand' + 'to raise high').
itišu-numun:	 calendar monh 4 at Lagaš during Ur III; calendar monh 4 at Nippur during Ur III.
šu...peš:	 to expand; to spread out ('hand' + 'womb; to expand').
šu...ra:	 to knead clay and form it into a tablet; to erase ('hand' + 'to beat, stir').
šu...ri:	 to wring he hands over (wih -ši-) ('hands' + 'to place against').
šu-ri
(2)(-a):	 one-half ('hand' + 'to take, remove' + nominative).
šu...ru-uz:	 to burn; to roast; to glow (cf., šu...hu-uz).
šu...sañ11/siñ18:	 to rub ('hand' + 'to make a harvesting motion').
šu-si:	 finger ('hand' + 'horn, ray, antenna').
šu(-a)...si:	 to fill he hands (wih) ('hand' + locative + 'to fill').
šu-šè...si:	 to hand over; to deliver ('hand' + 'towards' + 'to fill').
šu si...sá:	 to do hings to perfection; to see hat all is right ('hand' + 'right; legal').
šu...si-ig:	 to hit wih he hand ('hand' + 'to strike down, silence').
šu...sìg(-sìg):	 to wave he hand ('hand' + 'to beat rhyhmically').
šu...su-ub:	 to gaher up; to collect; to scrape togeher ('hands' + 'to suck').147
šu...sud/sù:	 to stretch he hand out after somehing ('hand' + 'to make remote').
šu...sum:	 to give; to entrust ('hand' + 'to give').
šu-šúr:	 seizing ('hand' + 'fierce, furious').
šu...tag:	 to cover; to adorn, decorate (often wih -ni-) ('hand' + 'to weave, decorate').
šu...taka4:	 to send, dispatch (wih dative) ('hand' + 'to push').
šu-a...taka4:	 to leave (somehing) to (someone) ('hand' + locative + 'to push').
šu...te:	 to take (variation of šu...ti).
šu...ti:	 to take up, accept, adopt; to grab; to borrow; to gain; to receive; to be taken, accepted (wih
terminative and -ši-) ('hand' + 'to approach').
šu-ti-a:	 goods, staples, etc. received ('to receive' + nominative).
šu-tu-tu:	 escape ('hand' + reduplicated 'to interfere').
šu...túkur:	 to nibble or lick one's fingers ('hand' + 'to gnaw, nibble').
(ñiš)šu-úr-me:	 he cypress or Persian oak tree or its resin ('to pour' + 'tree trunk' + 'to be').
šu...ùr:	 to erase; to wipe (wih -ni- and bi-; also wih -ta-) ('hand' + 'to drag over').
šu-ùr-ra:	 scraping or grinding by hand ('hand' + 'to shear' + nominative).
šu...ús:	 to send, dispatch; to push or knock on (a door); to hold out in he hand ('hand' + 'to reach
out').
šu...zi-zi(-g):	 to raise one's hand (in violence) ('hand' + reduplicated 'to rise up').
šub-lugal:	 subordinate of he king ('to drop; to delegate' + 'king').
šùd...rá:	 to pray ('to pray' + 'plural, to come, go').
lúšuku-dab
5-ba:	 person assigned to pick up allotted rations ('rations' + 'to hold' + nominative).
šul-a-lum:	 punishment (probably Akkadian loanword from šalaalu, 'to plunder; to deprive').
šul-zi:	 worhy young man ('young man' + 'good; true').
šúr-dùmušen:	 (trained) falcon ('fierce' + 'to work').
ta-àm:	 what is it? ('from' + 3rd. sing. enclitic copula).
tab-ba:	 partner ('to join; to be double' + nominative).
TAG.ME:	 (cf., šum).
taka4...lal:	 to open ('to open' + 'to reach').
tám-še-lum:	 a resin, perhaps from he boxwood ('shiny; bound' ? + 'grain, seed' + 'productive').
te-àm:	 (cf., ta-àm).
te-en:	 (cf., ten).
te-eš...dug4/du11/e:	 to put togeher (?) (téš, 'togeher', + 'to speak/do').148
te-ñe26(-d):	 to approach, meet (someone:	 dative); to attack, assault; to be frightened, worried
(alternating class, marû stem; cf., te).
te-me-en; te-me:	 (cf., temen).
te-te(-ma):	 (cf., te-ñe26).
téš-bi:	 togeher ('togeher' + adverbial force suffix).
téš(-bi)...gu7:	 to devour everyhing; to consume ('togeher' + 'to eat').
téš...i-i:	 to pray ('togeher' + 'to rise').
téš(-a)...sì-ke:	 to make agree ('togeher' ( + locative) + 'to put, place, cause').
téš...(nu-)tuku:	 to have (no) shame; shameless ('shame, modesty' + ('not' + ) 'to have').
ñišti:	 strut, brace, rib ('rib').
ti...bal:	 to signal (?) ('arrow' + 'to revolve').
ti-gi4:	 kettledrum ('to approach; to assault' + 'to return; to answer').
dugti-lim-da:	 a vessel ('lives' + 'housand' + 'wih').
ti-mar-uru
5:	 arrow quiver (?) (play on tu15-mar-uru5 (?), 'flood'; 'arrow' + 'to enclose' + 'high, deep').
ti-mud...ñál:	 to create life ('life' + 'to give birh' + 'to be').
ti-na:	 adv., strongly ('to live; healhy' + subordination suffix /-a/).
ti...ra:	 to shoot an arrow ('arrow' + 'to stab').
ti-rí-ñálal:	 a small bird ('arrow' + 'city' + 'to dwell').
ñišti-zú:	 barbed arrow ('arrow' + 'teeh; flint').
tigi-nì-du10-ga/e:	 harp of beautiful sound ('harp' + 'hing' + 'sweet' + genitive).
til-lu-ug:	 elephant ('lion-killer' ?).
tir-an-na:	 rainbow ('forest' + 'sky' + genitive).
TU-gur4mušen:	 (cf., tum12-gur4mušen).
tu-lu:	 to be/make loose or limp (Akkadian tulluu, 'to hang up').
ñištu-lu-bu-um:	 plane tree or wood (Akkadian dulbum, 'Oriental plane tree').
tu-ra:	 (cf., tur5).
tu-ud:	 (cf., tud).
tu
6-tu6:	 incantations (reduplicated 'exorcistic formula').
tu
15...dirig:	 (cf., ní...dirig).
tud-sum:	 onion or garlic bulb for planting ('to beget' + 'onion').
túg-bir7-ra:	 torn clohes ('cloh' + 'to rip to pieces' + nominative).
túg-dim-gal(-la-k):	 sail on a mast ('cloh' + 'mast' + genitive).
TÚG-DU
8:	 textile fuller ('cloh' + 'residue; to bake').149
túg-gú-lal:	 blanket (for an animal) ('cloh' + 'back of neck' + 'to drape').
túg-gur8/gur:	 he last plowing (originally LAK 483 + 'deep').
túg-íb-dù:	 a woolen garment ('cloh' + 'waist, hips' + 'to mould').
túg-ku-ru-um:	 mourning (?) clohes (Akkadian kuuru , 'daze, depression, stupor').
túg-me-zé-er-ra:	 rags ('cloh' + 'function' + 'to tear up, break' + nominative).
túg-mu-dur7[BU]-ra:	 (cf., mu-dur7(-ra)).
túg-níñ-bàra-(g):	 bed spread ('cloh' + 'hing' + 'stretched out').
túg-níñ-dára:	 loincloh ('cloh' + 'hing' + 'to bind; belt, sash').
túg-níñ-dára-gála-sír-ra:	 pubic band or napkin for a woman ('cloh' + 'hing' + 'to
bind; belt, sash' + 'vulva' + 'dense; feverish' + nominative).
túg-níñ-dùn-dù:	 a woolen garment ('cloh' + 'hing' + 'to bring low' + 'to mould').
túg-níñ-lal:	 a woolen garment ('cloh' + 'hing' + 'to drape').
túg-níñ-lám:	 a festive garment, dress ('cloh' + 'hing' + 'an awe-inspiring quality').
túg-níñ-sal-la:	 a woolen garment ('cloh' + 'hing' + 'vulva' + genitive).
túg-níñ-ur5-ra-ak-a:	 fine quality clohes ('cloh' + 'hing' + 'to gasp' + nominative).
túg-siñ18:	 he first plowing (originally LAK 483 + 'to cut, break, harvest').
túg-šà-ga-dù:	 cloh belt or woolen belted garment (?) ('cloh' + 'stomach' + nominative + 'to mould,
shape').
TÚG-TAG:	 to fill or pile cloh (?) ('cloh' + 'to weave; to strike').
túg-TAR:	 short-cut robe (?) ('cloh' + 'to cut').
túg...ùr:	 to make a sacrifice ('clohing' + 'to drag').
túg-ZI-ZI-a:	 magnificent (?) robe ('cloh' + 'to spend' + nominative).
ñištukul...sìg:	 to slaughter ('mace, weapon' + 'to strike, hurt').
tukumbi...-nu:	 except ('if' + 'not').
tum12[TU]-gur4mušen:	 turtle (?) dove ('dove, pigeon' + 'plump, big').
tumu-mer:	 norh, norhwind ('wind' + 'anger').
TÙN...bar:	 to hew or split wih an axe.
TÙN.PAD:	 slice, morsel of food ('stomach; lip' + 'bite of food').
tur...gu7:	 to eat modestly ('little' + 'to eat').
tur-tur:	 little ones (cf., didi, di4-di4-la) (reduplicated 'little').
tùr-gù-nun:	 sanctuary wih he loud voice ('birh-hut as metaphor for sanctuary' + 'voice' + 'great,
noble').
tuš...ñá-ñá:	 to dwell ('home' + 'to establish').150
U.GÙN:	 (cf., ugun).
U.PIRIÑ...tag:	 (cf., kušu/kušumx(-ki)...tag).
ú-a:	 caretaker, provider ('food' + 'water' or nominative).
ú...bu-bu(-r):	 to tear out plants ('plant' + reduplicated 'to tear out').
ú-du(-l):	 (cf., udul).
ú-dug4:	 (cf., udug).
ú-durun
x[DÚR.DÚR]-na:	 hay or dry brushwood ('grasses' + 'to dwell; to dry out' + nominative).
ú-gíd-da:	 long grasses ('grasses' + 'long' + nominative).
ú-gu(3)...dé:	 to lose; to disappear; to be lost (ugu,.'top of he head' + 'to sink').
ú-šè...ñin/gub:	 to go to fetch food ('food' + terminative + 'to go/to stand').
ú...húb:	 to be deaf; to deafen.
ú-kíñ-ñá:	 pasturage ('plants, grass, food' + 'to seek, work' + nominative).
ú...lá:	 to diminish; to stem (he flow of water).
ú-làl:	 a sweet water-plant, he eating of which is a metaphor for sexual intercourse ('plant' + 'honey').
ú-li:	 herb(s) ('plant' + 'fine smelling').
ú-lipiš-gig:	 nettles (?) ('plant' + 'anger/heart' + 'illness').
ú-lu-úbsar:	 leeks (cf., lu-úbsar).
ú-lu
5-ši:	 (cf., ulušin).
Ú-NINNI
5 [TIR/TIR]:	 a resin measured by volume.
ú-nu-kíñ-ñá:	 untested grazing grounds (cf., ú-kíñ-ñá).
ú...ri(-g):	 to collect firewood ('plants' + 'to glean; to bring').
ú-rum:	 private, personal (property); possession (cf., ùru[-m], 'to watch, guard, protect').
ú-sañ11:	 fascine to sustain a canal bank or levee ('plants' + 'to cut, break, harvest').
ú-sañ11...zé:	 to cut fascine plants ('fascine' + 'to cut').
ú-sal:	 a low-lying fertile area along a watercourse ('grass, plants' + 'to persist').
ú-sal-la...nú:	 to lie down in security ('food' + 'to persist' + 'to lie down').
ú-si4-an evening ('food' + 'red' + 'sky').
ú...sud/sù:	 to dine; to eat ('food' + 'to sip; to sprinkle').
ú-sug4:	 unclean, menstruating woman (cf., úzug).
ú-šim:	 grass and herbs = pasture (a Sumerian example of asyndetic hendiadys).
Ú-TIR:	 a spice or seed measured by weight.
ú-tul:	 (cf., udul).151
ú-za-gìn:	 fresh hay ('grass' + 'clean').
ú-zug4:	 foul food ('food' + úzug, 'menstruating, unclean woman').
ù-a:	 n., sleep ('to sleep' + nominative).
ù-an-bar:	 (cf., u4-bar).
ù-bu-bu-ul:	 pus, pustule; flame (pronominal prefix + reduplicated bul(4); bu(5), to ignite; to sprout;
Akkadian bubu’tu(m) ).
ù-di:	 sleep; rest; daze, depression (cf., u6-di) ('sleep' + 'to go'; cf., ñi6...di).
ù-gul...ñar/ñá-ñá:	 to pray to; to entreat (wih dative) (prospective modal prefix + 'evil' + 'to
take oahs').
ù...ku
(4):	 to sleep (reduplication class); to rest ('sleep' + 'to lie down; to enter').
ù-lul-la...ku
(4):	 to sleep badly ('sleep' + 'treacherous' + 'to lie down; to enter').
ù-la:	 anyhing; nohing (pronominal prefix + 'numerous').
ù-luh-gi4-rin:	 scepter of pure, bright light (?) (ù for u4 ?).
ù-luh...sù:	 to send out offshoots (pronominal prefix + 'clean' + 'to stretch, rejoice').
ù-ma; ù-na:	 victory, triumph (prospective modal prefix + me-a, 'when in battle').
adj., domineering, pugnacious, impetuous.
ù-ma/ù-na...gub:	 to attain victory, triumph ('when in battle' + 'to emerge standing').
ù-mu-un:	 Emesal dialect, cf., en.
ù-nu-ñar-ra:	 fraud (pronominal prefix + 'not' + 'established' + nominative).
ù-sá:	 sleep ('sleep' + 'to equal in value'; cf., ñi6...sá, 'midnight').
ù-sá...dab
5:	 to be overcome by sleep (ù-sá, 'sleep' + 'to seize').
ñišù-suh5:	 fir or spruce tree or wood (phonetic spelling shows original full pronunciation of suh5,
'confusion; to uproot; encircling wall').
ù-sun[BAD]:	 wild cow, cf., sún.
ñišù-šub:	 brick mold; a platform for molding or drying bricks (same form as udun, 'kiln for bricks';
pronominal prefix + 'to hrow, drop, plop'; cf., šab, 'to chip out, apportion out').
ù-tu-(d):	 to give birh; to create ('to lie down' + 'to create'; cf., tud).
ù-ur
5-re:	 all his (pronominal prefix + 'hese').
u4...(-a):	 (at he time) when... [his brackets an entire phrase] ('time' + nominative or genitive).
u4...-a-gin7:	 while..., ('time' + 'as; when').
u4...-a-ta:	 after (he time) when... ('time' + 'after').
u4...á-bi/ba(-/ak/):	 to be or do on time, at he right moment ('time' + 'moment' + adverbial
force suffix).
u4-an-na:	 light of he heavens ('light' + 'heaven' + genitive).152
u4-ba:	 at hat time; in hose days; hen ('time' + bi-a, 'hat; its').
u4-bar:	 midday (cf., an-bar).
u4-bi-ta:	 he past ('days' + 'hose' + 'from').
u4-buru14:	 at he time of he harvest ('days, time' + 'harvest').
u4-da:	 today ('day' + 'wih, near, present').
u4-da ñiš-en:	 if ('today' + irrealis suffix).
u4-da-tuš:	 a clown who performed wih bears and pigs ('today' + 'to set up camp').
u4(-bar)-dañal:	 extensive daylight, long day ('day' ( + 'middle') + 'wide').
u4-gíd-da:	 all day long ('day' + 'to be long' + nominative suffix).
u4-huš:	 raging storm ('storm' + 'furious, terrible, awesome').
u4-imin:	 seven days ('day' + 'seven').
u4-na-me...nu-tuku:	 here was never ('time' + prohibitive modal prefix + 'to be' + 'to not have'; cf.,
lú...na-me...nu-).
u4-nu-dùg-ga:	 unhappy days ('day' + 'not' + 'sweet, good' + nominative suffix).
u4-ri-a:	 in hose (far remote) days ('days' + remote demonstrative affix + locative).
u4-sa9-a:	 half a day ('day' + 'half' + nominative suffix).
u4-sakar[SAR](-ra):	 crescent moon; new moon; segment of a circle; a plant, possibly rushes or
nettles ('day, light' + 'to begin' + 'renewal'; cf., é-u4-sakar).
u4-sakar-gibil:	 reviving new moon, hin crescent moon ('day, light' + 'to begin' + 'renewal'; cf., é-
u
4-sakar).
u4-sud-ra:	 for eternity ('time' + 'remote' + dative 'for').
u4...(al-)šú-šú-ru:	 to become cloudy or dark ('daylight' + šúš/šú, 'to become dark' + šur, 'to
rain' ? + marû 3rd. sing. ending wih vowel harmony).
u4-šú-uš(-e):	 daily; day by day ('day, daylight' + šúš/šú, 'to become dark' + locative-terminative
postposition).
u4-te(-en):	 evening ('daylight' + 'to extinguish, cool down').
u4-te(-na):	 morning ('daylight' + 'to approach').
u4-tu(-ud)-da:	 birhday ('day' + 'birh' + genitive).
u4-tur(-ra):	 early in he day; short in duration ('time' + 'small').
u4-u:	 ten days ('day' + 'ten').
u4-ul-la; u4-ì-li:	 tomorrow ('day' + Akkadian elûm, 'to come up' and eli, 'above, beyond').
u4-ul-lí-a-ta:	 from long ago ('days' + 'ancient' + nominative + 'from').
u4-za-ha...(al-)aka:	 to waste a day; to disappear ('time' + 'to flee, hide, be lost' + 'to cause').
u4...zal:	 he day dawns; to spend he day; to elapse; to waste time; to be late ('time' + 'to flow, pass').153
u4-zal-la:	 day, morning, dawn ('day' + 'to flow, elapse' + nominative).
u4-X zal-la:	 on he Xh day ('day' + 'to flow, elapse' + nominative).
u
5-a:	 lullaby ('raised high' + nominative).
u
5-bímušen; ú-bímušen; ub-bìmušen:	 whooping swan (onomatopoeic).
iti
u
5-bí-gu7:	 calendar monh 3 at Drehem hrough Šu-Sin 3; calendar monh 4 at Drehem after Šu-Sin 3;
calendar monh 4 at Ur during Ur III.
u
6-di:	 admiration, amazement ('to be impressed' + 'to judge').
u
6(-di)...di/dug4/e:	 to admire; to gain admiration ('admiration' + 'to speak, do').
u
6...è/i(-i):	 to look; to appear ('to look at; to stare at' + 'to be or become visible').
u
6-e...gub:	 to be wonderful ('amazement' + ergative agent marker + 'to stand').
u
8-udu-há sheep; (flock of) sheep and goats.
u
18[GIŠGAL]-lu:	 souhwind [wih classifier IM]; storm; sandstorm ('huge' + 'numerous, abundant').
u
18-lu(-da)...dul:	 to cover wih a storm ('storm' + 'wih' + 'to cover').
u
18[GIŠGAL]-ru(-n):	 exalted; high; overwhelming; mighty ('huge' + 'to send'; cf., uru16(-n)).
ub-ba...gub:	 to deposit in he corner ('corner' + locative + 'to set').
ub-líl-lá:	 outdoor shrine ('niche' + 'wind, spirit (of a place), fresh air' + nominative or genitive).
ub-šu-ukkin-na:	 assembly ('corner' + 'power' + 'meeting' + 'human being').
lúub
5-kug-ga:	 keeper of he sacred drum ('drum' + 'pure, holy' + nominative).
ud:	 (cf., u4).
UD.KA.BAR:	 (cf., zabar).
UD.UD:	 (cf., babbar, dadag).
udu-dub:	 tablet-recorded sheep ('sheep' + 'tablet').
udu-níñ-gu7-a:	 fattened sheep ('sheep' + 'fattened').
udu-nitah:	 male sheep, ram ('sheep' + 'male').
udu-sar:	 a vegetable (?) ('sheep' + 'vegetable').
udu-siki:	 wool sheep ('sheep' + 'wool').
udu-šag5-ga:	 slaughtered sheep ('sheep' + 'to slaughter' + nominative).
udu-šár-a:	 perfect sheep ('sheep' + 'totality; to slaughter' + nominative).
udu-še-gu7-a:	 (wool from) barley-fed sheep ('sheep' + 'barley' + 'to eat' + nominative).
udu šu-nir:	 sheep whose wool was used to make streamers for he group standards.
udun-mah:	 huge baking oven ('oven' + 'huge').
udun-še-sa-a:	 barley roasting oven ('oven' + 'barley' + 'to roast' + nominative).154
úgu...ba-a-ñar:	 to place in a person's debit account ('account' + impersonal conjugation prefix +
locative infix + 'to deposit') (cf., gú-a...ñar).
ugu4-bi; a-gáb:	 ape, monkey ('to give birh' + inanimate demonstrative ["Inanimate are hings and
animals." homsen, p. 49]).
ugula-àga-ús:	 overseer of vassals ('overseer' + 'crown' + 'to follow').
ugula-íla:	 foreman of he porters ('overseer' + 'to carry').
ugula-ñéš-da:	 officer in charge of sixty men ('overseer' + ñeç, 'sixty' + genitival suffix /a(k)/).
ugula-uru(-na-/ak/):	 captain of he/his city ('overseer' + 'city' + 'his' + genitive).
ùña-lu-a:	 multitudes ('people' + 'to be numerous' + nominative).
uh...uš7:	 (cf., ah...uš7).
uku-ús:	 (cf., aga(3)-ús).
ÙKU.ÍL:	 (cf., un-gùr).
ul.KU:	 receiver (?).
ul-šár-ra:	 jubilation ('joy' + 'to multiply' + nominative).
ul...šár:	 to gladden; to exult ('joy' + 'to multiply').
ul-ti(-a):	 happy mood ('joy' + 'life' + genitive).
ul4-la-bi:	 very soon, quickly ('quick' + adverbial ending).
um-ma:	 elderly lady; witch ('old woman' + 'to bind').
um-me-da:	 (cf., ummeda).
um-mi
(3)-a:	 schoolmaster; scholar; artisan ('wise or skillful teacher' + 'offices, functions' + nominative or
genitive).
umbin-gud:	 oxen hooves; oxen tracks ('fingernail' + 'ox').
umbin...kud:	 to shave; to shear; to manicure ('fingernail' + 'to cut off').
umuš...kúr:	 to change one's mind ('discernment; decision' + 'to change').
un-gùr/ga6(-me):	 a menial worker ('people' + Umma reading for íla sign, 'to bear, carry' + 'to be').
un-íl-me:	 menials ('people' + 'to carry' + 'to be').
un sañ-ñi6:	 black-headed people = Sumerians ('people' + 'heads' + 'black').
unkin-ñar-ra:	 communal assembly ('people' + 'to fetch' + 'to establish' + nominative).
unu
(2,6)-gal:	 great dining hall ('elevated shrine, fortress' + 'great').
iti
UR:	 calendar monh 7 at Ur during Ur III; calendar monh 10 at Umma before Šulgi 30.
ur-bar-ra:	 wolf ('dog' + 'outside' + nominative).
ur-bi; ur5-bi:	 togeher (cf., téš-bi).
ur-gir15/gi7[KU]:	 dog ('dog' + 'domestic').155
ur-mah:	 lion ('carnivorous beast' + 'mighty').
ur-mú-da:	 watchdog (?) ('dog' + mud6, 'to sing' + nominative).
ur-sa
6-ga:	 a pampered dog ('dog' + 'to be friendly' + nominative).
ur-sañ:	 hero, warrior ('young man' + 'first, in front').
ur-tur:	 a pet dog or puppy ('dog' + 'small').
ur-ur-a...ñar:	 to assemble a list, schedule, or plan ('servants' + locative + 'to set').
úr...zé(-zé):	 to roam ('legs' + 'to cut continuously').
ur4-ur4:	 to devastate, lay bare (reduplicated 'to harvest').
ur
5...aka:	 to gasp ('liver, soul' + 'to do').
ur
5-da:	 to be mindful, careful; to hear ('heart, soul' + 'wih').
ur
5-di-da:	 famous (one) (?) (cf., lú-di-da).
ur
5...gúr:	 to bow down (in grief) ('liver, soul' + 'to bow down, submit').
ur
5 hé-en-na-nam-ma-àm:	 hus shall it be indeed ('hus' + 'it is indeed').
ur
5-ra-šè:	 to be like hat ('in such manner' + nominative + 'towards').
ur
5-re, ur5-e:	 in such manner, hus ('it; hus' + locative terminative e).
ur
5...sa6:	 to be/make comfortable, happy ('liver, soul' + 'to satisfy'; cf., níñ-ur5-sa6-sa6).
ur
5...ša4:	 to roar, bellow ('liver, soul' + 'to mourn') (contrast še...ša4).
ur
5-šè:	 debt wih interest ('loan' + 'portion').
ur
5-tud:	 domestic servant ('debt' + 'to be born').
ur
5-tuku:	 debtor; creditor ('debt; loan' + 'to have').
uru-bar-ra:	 outside he city, outskirts of he city, he countryside ('city' + 'outside' + nominative).
uru-kúr(-ra):	 (in) a foreign city ('city' + 'strange' + locative).
uru-šà-ga:	 he interior city (contrasts to uru-bar-ra)('city' + 'inside' + nominative).
uru-tuš:	 (cf., ki-tuš).
urudu-A-EN-da:	 a type of copper.
urudu-nì-kala-ga:	 strong copper ('copper' + 'hing' + 'to be strong' + nominative).
us-ga:	 a type of priest.
ús-sañ:	 rigging (of a ship) ('side; to join' + 'bow of a ship'; cf., ñišmá-sañ-ñá).
ùsan-mar:	 wagon whip (?) ('whip' + 'wagon').
usu-tuku:	 a strong person ('skill; strengh' + 'to have').
uš-bar:	 (cf., ušbar).
ñišuš-bar:	 ruler's staff; scepter ('penis' + 'to see, show').156
uš-gíd-da:	 storehouse; granary; silo (for barley, dates, oil) (cf., arah4) ('foundation' + 'to be long' +
nominative).
uš-ñar-ra:	 firm foundation ('foundation' + 'to establish' + nominative).
uš-sì-ga:	 unsafe foundation ('foundation' + 'to damage' + nominative).
úš-a:	 piling up an earhen block or dam (cf., a úš-a) ('to block' + nominative).
uš
7...dug4:	 to spit ('spittle' + 'to speak, do, make').
uš11...sig10/sì:	 to hrow/inject venom on/in... ('venom' + 'to apply, put in').
dutu-è:	 sunrise ('sun' + 'to rise; to become visible').
uz-ga:	 (cf., é-uz-ga).
UZ.TURmušen:	 (cf., bibadmušen).
ùz-ga-nañ:	 milking goat ('goat' + 'milk' + 'drinking').
uzu-ì:	 fatty meat ('meat' + 'fat').
uzu-lib
x[Í.UDU]:	 mutton fat ('meat' + 'mutton fat').
za-a-kam...dug4/du11:	 say:	 it is hine ('you' + /ak/, 'of' + àm, 'it is' + 'to speak').
(ñiš)za-ba-lum:	 a variety of juniper (resin) ('kernel' + 'to give' + 'abundance').
za-dím:	 stone cutter ('[precious] stone' + 'to fashion').
za-e:	 you; yourself.
na4za-gìn:	 lapis lazuli; precious stone (in general) ('stone' + 'colorful').
za-gìn:	 clean ('precious stone').
(na4)za-gìn-duru5:	 lustrous, shiny lapis lazuli ('lapis lazuli' + 'moist').
za-ha:	 (cf., zah2,3).
za-ha-din; za-ha-ti:	 a type of onion, possibly Allium desertorium ('kernel' + 'many' + 'to
cure').
za-na:	 caterpillar ('monotonous repetition' + 'distinct hings or selves').
ñiš
za-na:	 puppet.
ñiš
za-na...tag:	 to handle a puppet ('puppet' + 'to touch, handle').
za-pa-áñ:	 sound; breah (za, 'rhyhmic sound' or zi, 'breahing' transformed by vowel harmony +
'puffing sound' + 'to mete out'; cf., šìr...áña).
za-pa-ah:	 (cf., zipah).
za-ra:	 pole, shaft of chariots, wagons, harrows, and doors (cf., ñišzar).
za-ra...dug4/du11:	 to lecture ('to you' + 'to speak').
za-za:	 (cf., ki...za).
za-za-ga:	 marjoram or oregano (?).157
zà:	 (cf., zag).
zà[ZAG]-hi-li(-a)sar:	 a condiment made from a prickly plant such as wild safflower ('border,
beginning' + 'charm, appeal'; Akk. sahlû).
zà-mí:	 (hymn of) praise ('territory' + 'woman').
(ñiš)zà-mí:	 musical instrument - a lyre.
zag-bar:	 (metal) quantity left over by cutting ('percentage' + 'to pare away').
zag...dib:	 to elevate over ('barrier' + 'to cross').
zag-du8:	 hreshold ('boundary' + 'to adorn').
zag-è:	 buttress (?) ('barrier' + 'to rise').
zag-gu-la; zag-gal-la:	 a type of chair; seat of honor ('side, shoulder' + 'great').
zag...kéš:	 to endow wih ('side' + 'to bind to').
zag-munus:	 (cf., zà-mí).
zag-sá[DI]; zag-ša4[DI]:	 equal; rival ('limit' + 'to equal').
zag-še(3); zag-ša4:	 strengh; bed ('limit' + 'to he').
zag...šuš:	 to brand; to mark ('side' + 'to hrow down').
zag...tag:	 to push away; to reject; to overhrow; to push off, launch ('edge, limit' + 'to touch, push').
zag-uru:	 outskirts of he city ('edge, limit' + 'city').
zag 5-ús:	 a fifh (as a division) ('percentage' + 5 or oher number + 'lengh').
zag...ús:	 to border on; to stand by; to set aside ('edge, limit' + 'to lean against').
záh-bi:	 adv., to he bitter end, until disappearance ('to perish' + adverbial force suffix).
zar(-re-eš)...du8:	 to pile up ('sheaves' + phonetic complement + 'much' + 'to open; to spread').
zar(-re-eš)...sal:	 to spread; to heap up ('sheaves' + phonetic complement + 'much' + 'to be
wide').
zàr-tab-ba:	 he work of binding sheaves ('sheaf' + 'to bind' + nominative).
zé-eb:	 Emesal dialect, cf., dùg.
šáhzé-eh-tur:	 small pig (phonetic spelling of šáh + 'small').
zé-èm:	 Emesal dialect, cf., sum.
zé-er; zi-re:	 to tear up; to tear out; to remove; to slip; to break (often wih -ta-).
zé-me hat is yourself (za, 'you', wih vowel harmony + 'to be.
ñišzé-na:	 palm frond ('to be cut, sheared' + 'an individual case of').
zeh-gaba:	 sexually mature female goat kid ('female goat kid' + 'breasts').
zi-ba-tum:	 an aromatic seed (?).
zi-bí:	 a form of caraway seed (Akkadian loanword, from zibû, 'black cumin').158
zi-dè-eš
(2)(-šè):	 adv., loyally, faihfully ('truh' + adverbial force suffix).
zi-dè-eš(-šè)...pà-da:	 to faihfully choose ('faihfully' + 'to choose').
zi-du:	 a good person ('good' + 'to walk').
zi...dug4:	 to tell he truh ('truh' + 'to speak').
zi-ga(-àm):	 torn out, extracted, deducted, expended; risen up ('to tear out; to rise up' + nominative).
zi-ga...ñar:	 to impose a levy ('to tear out, deduct' + nominative + 'to establish').
ñišzi-gan:	 rudder, oar ('to rise up' + 'pestle').
zi...gi4:	 to be on good terms ('faih' + 'to restore').
zi-ñál(-la):	 living being ('breah' + 'to be available' + nominative).
zi...ñál:	 to grant life; to have life ('breah' + 'to be available; to place, put').
zi-ik-ru-um, zi-ik-rum:	 wise, old men (Akk. zikru(m) I, 'utterance' and zikaru(m) and
zikru II, 'male').
zi...ir/ra:	 to be troubled, worried, sad; to be broken ('faih' + 'to lead away [plural]').
zi lugal:	 oah ('breah; soul' + 'king').
zi-mah:	 legitimate (and) lofty ('legitimate' + 'lofty').
zi...pa-an-pa-an:	 to breahe ('breah' + bun, 'to blow').
zi...pà(-d):	 to take an oah; to conjure ('faih' + 'to swear').
(ñiš)zi-ri/rí-gúm/qum:	 a device for moving irrigation water, involving a water bucket hanging
from a swinging beam (cf., Sumerian ñišá-lá); a reed or clay pipe or pipette (Akkadian loanword
ziriiqu from zaraaqu).
zi-šà-ñál:	 n., divine encouragement; inspiration; sustenance ('breah' + 'innards' + 'to be available').
adj., alive.
zi-šà...ñál:	 to provide (someone:	 -ši-) wih life ('breah' + 'innards' + 'to place').
zi...(ši)-tum2,3/de6:	 to take refuge ('life' + ('into') + 'to bring').
zi-zi-i:	 subtracting, subtraction; to revolt, rebel; revolting (reduplicated 'to tear out').
zì:	 (cf., zíd).
zíd-bar-si:	 a type of emmer wheat flour ('flour' + 'to release' + 'like a sprout').
zíd-dub-dub:	 flour for he best ritual actions ('flour' + reduplicated 'to pour, move in a circle, shake,
sprinkle off, strew').
zíd-gu:	 fine barley flour ('flour' + 'net').
zíd-gú-gal:	 chick pea flour ('flour' + 'chick pea').
zíd-kum4[UD]-ma:	 a type of barley flour ('flour' + 'mortar-ground' + nominative).
zíd-milla[IŠ]:	 a coarse, cheap type of flour ('flour' + 'mountain' or 'scorching' ?).159
zíd-sig15[KAL]:	 cracked barley mixed wih wheat flour (?) ('flour' + 'pleasing; valuable'; cf., kaš-
sig15).
ZÍD-ŠE:	 (cf., dabin).
zíd-še-sa:	 flour from roasted barley ('flour' + 'roasted barley').
zíd-za(-tum):	 a type of flour, zaatum flour.
iti
zíz-a:	 calendar monh 11 at Nippur during Ur III.
zíz-AN:	 (cf., imñaña).
zíz-babbar:	 white emmer wheat ('emmer wheat' + 'white').
zíz-bal:	 emmer wheat lost in processing ('emmer wheat' + 'to demolish').
zíz...dé-a:	 cleaning emmer after winnowing ('emmer wheat' + 'to pour' + nominative).
zíz-GÚ-NUNUZ:	 a form of emmer wheat ('emmer wheat' + 'chick pea' + 'eggs').
zu-a:	 acquaintance ('to know' + nominative).
zu-hu-ul:	 pierced (Akkadian sahlu, 'to pass hrough a hole, to hread').
zú...gaz:	 to crush wih he teeh ('teeh' + 'to crush').
zú-gub:	 lunch ('teeh' + 'to stand').
zú...hAR:	 (cf., zú...ur5).
zú...kešda:	 to oblige ('teeh' + 'to bind, harness').
zú...kud/ku5:	 to bite ('teeh' + 'to cut').
zú...li
9-li9:	 to laugh ('teeh' + 'to glisten').
zú-lum(-ma):	 date fruit ('teeh' + 'to be satiated').
zú-lum...mar:	 (cf., su(11)-lum...mar).
zú...ra(-ra):	 to bite ('teeh' + usually reduplicated 'to strike, stab').
zú...ra-ah:	 to devour ('teeh' + 'to strike repetitively, shake').
zú...súd-súd[ŠÌTA]:	 to gnash he teeh ('teeh' + 'to crush, gnash').
zú...ur
5[hAR]:	 to chew, bite ('teeh' + 'to chew').
zú...zalag:	 to show one's teeh ('teeh' + 'to shine, gleam').
zur-re-eš...du
8:	 (cf., zar-re-eš...du8).
zur-zur:	 (animal) nurse; to rock, shake (reduplicated 'to tend; to rock').

